Potential skin problems of diabetes mellitus patients: a review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the common metabolic disorders, and a major part of chronic diseases, the prevalence of which tends to increase due to multifactor. Blood vessels, kidneys, lungs, and skin are among the organs that are affected. The first problem that arises, or commonly exists among one-third of diabetics, are problems with their skin, although skin lesions may develop along with the progress of the disease, or can occur during the later phase of DM. The prevalence and symptoms of skin problems in type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) are often unclear, and at the beginning of the course of the diseases they often go undiagnosed. Several theories regarding the pathophysiology of DM can be used as a logical reference for the early identification and diagnosis of skin problems, aimed at preventing the worsened condition. The use of skin autofluorescence (SAF) and AGEs reader in several cases of skin problems, can also be an important marker as an adjunct to predict the possibility and progressiveness of DM. Skin problems linked to patients with DM can be categorized as strongly related to diabetes, non-specific and related to DM, skin infection in DM, and skin problems due to diabetic medication. With the current COVID-19 pandemic, there are additional demands for more critical investigation of skin problems in patients with DM. The skin problems that occur in DM may need to be examined from the early stage and it is necessary to inhibit the progression of skin problems, as well as to consider the need for multidisciplinary DM therapy

Role of Vitamin C on the viabilitys of the keratinocyte and HeLa cell with irradiation of UVB ray.

Background:Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure is one of the external factors which can cause reduction of cell viabillity through photochemistry reaction and can be managed using antioxydant. Failures of DNA repair and apoptosis have some important roles in photocarcinogenesis.Objective: This research is aimed to know the effect of vitamin C on the viability of UVB irradiated keratinocytes and HeLa cells.Method: This research employed a simple experimental method. Two groups of cells used in this research were: Group I normal foreskin keratinocytes passage III, and Group II HeLa cells. Each group was divided into 25 sub-groups consisting of 2x104 cells each, treated with vitamin C at 0, 6, 12, 40, 200 µg/ml concentrations, and UVB irradiated (Phillips UVB TL4OW/12RS) at 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 mJ/cm2 intensities. Each treatment was done in quintet. Viable cells were determined based on formazan blue reaction using ELISA-reader 550 nm 24 hours after treatment. The results were analyzed by independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multivariate analysis using three-way analysis of variance,Result: Vitamin C at 6, 12, 40, and 200 ug/m1 concentrations significantly increased normal keratinocyte and HeLa cells viability which were not irradiated by UVB, statistically significant, compared to normal keratinocyte and HeLa cells which were not treated with vitamin C. HeLa cells, which were irradiated by UVB at 200, 400, and 800, 1600 mJ/cm2 intensities and treated with vitamin C at 6, 12, 40 and 200 ug/ ml concentrations, statistically significant in decreasing cell viability.Conclusion: Vitamin C at 200 µg/ml concentration, which was given to normal keratinocytes irradiated by UVB at 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mj/cm2 intensities used in this research showed its protection effect, thus enhancing the viability of the cell. Vitamin C 6, 12, 40 ug/ml, which were irradiated with UVB at 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mJ/cm2 intensities, did not show protection effect. HeLa cells were less resistant than normal keratinocytes to UVB irradiation at 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mj/cm2 intensities.Key words: vitamin-C, HeLa cell, keratinocyte, cell viability, UV