ASPECTS REGARDING ESCROW SERVICES IN ROMANIA, AS AN IMPORTANT PART OF E-COMMERCE ACTIVITY

E-commerce has appeared and developed along with the Internet. Online buyers and sellers can become fraud victims. Escrow Services reduce the number of fraud cases and guarantees online transactions. In Romania, those services are only just beginning to act, as the cyber fraud phenomenon is present in our country in the same rates as worldwide.escrow, e-commerce, cyber - fraud, escrow accounts, legislation, online auctions

A Rare Case of Endophthalmitis with Rhizobium radiobacter, Soon after a Resolved Keratitis: Case Report

Background: Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) species are plant aerobic bacteria, which in some cases can produce endophthalmitis in humans after corneal trauma. Case presentation: A 42-year-old female patient presented in the Emergency Department of the Emergency County Hospital of Craiova, Romania, reporting pain, epiphora, and blurry vision in her right eye for about five days. This initial infectious keratitis episode was successfully resolved, but after 20 days she presented again after trauma with a leaf with corneal abscess. In the conjunctival secretion, R. radiobacter was identified. Despite antibiotherapy, the patient’s state did not improve, and ultimately the eye was eviscerated. Methods: A search was performed in the ProQuest, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases for the terms Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, radiobacter, and eye. We eliminated non-human studies, editorials and commentaries, and non-relevant content, and excluded the duplicates. Results: In total, 138 studies were initially obtained, and then we selected 26 studies for retrieval. After the selection process, we ended up including 17 studies in our analysis. Most studies reported R. radiobacter endophthalmitis after ocular surgical procedures or outdoor activities that involve exposure to soil. Conclusion: R. radiobacter is a rare cause of endophthalmitis after eye trauma that generally responds well to usual antibiotherapy, but occasionally can evolve to severe, leading to the loss of the eye

TEM,CTX-M,SHV Genes in ESBL-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Isolated from Clinical Samples in a County Clinical Emergency Hospital Romania-Predominance of CTX-M-15

Background: CTX-M betalactamases have shown a rapid spread in the recent years among Enterobacteriaceae and have become the most prevalent Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in many parts of the world. The introduction and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes limits options for treatment, increases mortality and morbidity in patients, and leads to longer hospitalization and expensive costs. We aimed to identify the beta-lactamases circulating encoded by the genes blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-1 and blaTEM-1 in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) strains. Furthermore, we established the associated resistance phenotypes among patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Romania. Methods: A total of 46 non-duplicated bacterial strains (14 strains of E. coli and 32 strains of K. pneumoniae), which were resistant to ceftazidime (CAZ) and cefotaxime (CTX) by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, were identified using the automated VITEK2 system. Detection of ESBL-encoding genes and other resistance genes was carried out by PCR. Results. E. coli strains were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins and moderately resistant to quinolones, whereas K. pneumoniae strains were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfamides, and moderately resistant to quinolones and carbapenems. Most E. coli strains harbored blaCTX-M-15 gene (13/14 strains), a single strain had the blaSHV-1 gene, but 11 strains harbored blaTEM-1 gene. The mcr-1 gene was not detected. We detected tet(A) gene in six strains and tet(B) in one strain. In K. pneumoniae strains we detected blaCTX-M-15 in 23 strains, blaSHV-1 in all strains and blaTEM-1 in 14 strains. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was not detected. The tetracycline gene tet(A) was detected in 11 strains, but the gene tet(B) was not detected in any strains. Conclusions. The development in antibiotic resistance highlights the importance of establishing policies to reduce antibiotic use and improving the national resistance surveillance system in order to create local antibiotic therapy guidelines

TEM,CTX-M,SHV Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in a County Clinical Emergency Hospital Romania-Predominance of CTX-M-15

Background: CTX-M betalactamases have shown a rapid spread in the recent years among Enterobacteriaceae and have become the most prevalent Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in many parts of the world. The introduction and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes limits options for treatment, increases mortality and morbidity in patients, and leads to longer hospitalization and expensive costs. We aimed to identify the beta-lactamases circulating encoded by the genes blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-1 and blaTEM-1 in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) strains. Furthermore, we established the associated resistance phenotypes among patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Romania. Methods: A total of 46 non-duplicated bacterial strains (14 strains of E. coli and 32 strains of K. pneumoniae), which were resistant to ceftazidime (CAZ) and cefotaxime (CTX) by Kirby&ndash;Bauer disk diffusion method, were identified using the automated VITEK2 system. Detection of ESBL-encoding genes and other resistance genes was carried out by PCR. Results. E. coli strains were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins and moderately resistant to quinolones, whereas K. pneumoniae strains were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfamides, and moderately resistant to quinolones and carbapenems. Most E. coli strains harbored blaCTX-M-15 gene (13/14 strains), a single strain had the blaSHV-1 gene, but 11 strains harbored blaTEM-1 gene. The mcr-1 gene was not detected. We detected tet(A) gene in six strains and tet(B) in one strain. In K. pneumoniae strains we detected blaCTX-M-15 in 23 strains, blaSHV-1 in all strains and blaTEM-1 in 14 strains. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was not detected. The tetracycline gene tet(A) was detected in 11 strains, but the gene tet(B) was not detected in any strains. Conclusions. The development in antibiotic resistance highlights the importance of establishing policies to reduce antibiotic use and improving the national resistance surveillance system in order to create local antibiotic therapy guidelines

The Rectifying Contact of Hydrated Different Size YSZ Nanoparticles for Advanced Electronics

The paper considers the new effects of the nanoscale state of matter, which open up prospects for the development of electronic devices using new physical principles. The contacts of chemically homogeneous nanoparticles of yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide (ZrO2&mdash;x mol% Y2O3, x = 0, 3, 4, 8; YSZ) with different sizes of 7.5 nm and 9 nm; 7.5 nm and 11 nm; and 7.5 nm and 14 nm, respectively, was studied on direct current using nanostructured objects in the form of compacts obtained by high-hydrostatic pressure (HP-compacts of 300MPa). A unique size effect of the nonlinear (rectifying-type contact) dependence of the electrical properties (in the region U &lt; 2.5 V, I &le; 2.7 mA) of the contact of different-sized YSZ nanoparticles of the same chemical composition is revealed, which indicates the possibility of creating semiconductor structures of a new type (homogeneous electronics). The electronic structure of the near-surface regions of nanoparticles of studied oxide materials and the possibility of obtaining specifically rectifying properties of the contacts were studied theoretically. Models of surface states of the Tamm-type are constructed considering the Coulomb long-range action. The discovered energy variance and its dependence on the curvature of the surface of nanoparticles made it possible to study the conditions for the formation of a contact potential difference in cases of nanoparticles of the same radius (synergistic effect), different radii (doped and undoped variants), as well as to discover the possibility of describing a group of powder particles within the Anderson model. The determined effect makes it possible to solve the problem of diffusion instability of semiconductor heterojunctions and opens up prospects for creating electronic devices with a fundamentally new level of properties for use in various fields of the economy and breakthrough critical technologies