Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine response and immunogenicity assessment after one week and three months in repeatedly vaccinated adults

The influenza vaccine administrated every year is a recommended infection control procedure for individuals above the age of six months. However, the effectiveness of repeated annual vaccination is still an active research topic. Therefore, we investigated the vaccine immunogenicity in two independent groups: previously vaccinated versus non-vaccinated individuals at three time points; prior vaccination, one week and three months post vaccination. The assessment enabled us to evaluate the elicited immune responses and the durability of the induced protection in both groups. A research study was conducted to assess the immunogenicity of a single dose of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) in 278 healthy adults aged between 32 and 66 years. Almost half of the participants, 140 (50·36%), received influenza vaccination at least once precursor to past influenza seasons. One blood sample was taken prior to vaccination for complete blood analysis and baseline immunogenicity assessment. The selected study participants received a single vaccine dose on the first day, and then followed up for three months. Two blood samples were taken after one week and three months post vaccination, respectively, for vaccine immunogenicity assessment. Before vaccination, the seroprotection, defined as a hemagglutination-inhibiting titer of =>1:40, was detected for the three vaccine virus strains in 20 previously vaccinated participants (14·29%) [8·95%, 21·2%]. We compared the overall vaccine response for the three virus strains using a normalized response score calculated from linearly transformed titer measurements; the score before vaccination was 84% higher in the previously vaccinated group and the mean difference between the two groups was statistically significant. Three months post-vaccination, we didn’t find a significant difference in vaccine responses; the number of fully seroprotected individuals became 48 (34·29%) [26·48%, 42·77%] in the previously vaccinated group and 59 (42·75%) [34·37%, 51·45%] in the non-vaccinated group. The calculated response score was almost equal in both groups and the mean difference was no longer statistically significant. Our findings suggest that a single dose of influenza vaccine is equally protective after three months for annually vaccinated adults and first-time vaccine receivers.</p

Additional file 2: of Evaluation of the performances of six commercial kits designed for dengue NS1 and anti-dengue IgM, IgG and IgA detection in urine and saliva clinical specimens

Concordance between RDTs and IPC ELISAs for NS1, anti-DENV IgG/IgM and anti-DENV IgA detection in saliva and urine. (PDF 29 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Validation of genotype imputation in Southeast Asian populations and the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism annotation on imputation outcome

Summary of SNPs used in study of SNP annotation to imputation outcome. (XLS 26 kb

Additional file 1: of Evaluation of the performances of six commercial kits designed for dengue NS1 and anti-dengue IgM, IgG and IgA detection in urine and saliva clinical specimens

Characteristics of the rapid diagnostic tests for NS1, anti-DENV IgG/IgM and anti-DENV IgA detection in saliva and urine according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (PDF 87 kb

Gametocyte prevalence rate per year-trimester.

<p>Shown are means and 95% binomial confidence intervals.</p

The proportion of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> positive bloodslides that are gametocyte positive.

<p>This is according to time since last antimalarial drug treatment for each of the drug treatment regimens and separating the Chloroquine drug period into hotspot vs. non hotspot. Also shown are 95% binomial confidence intervals. Open: ≤ 30 days; Grey 30–60 days; Diagonal 61–90 days; Speckled 91–360 days.</p

Risk factors for gametocyte positivity individuals inside and outside of the hotspot during the time span of hotspot.

<p>Shown are the number of person-trimesters for which a blood smear was read for gametocytes and the Odds Ratios from the multivariate analyses.</p><p>Risk factors for gametocyte positivity individuals inside and outside of the hotspot during the time span of hotspot.</p

Map of Dielmo village.

<p>The village is located at 13°45’N, 16°25’W and is composed of two hamlets showing the houses within the gametocyte hotspots (hotspot 1—blue, 1996–2003, Relative Risk (RR) 1.95, log likelihood ratio (LLR) 14.35 P = 0.0012; cluster 2—green, 1995–2002, RR 1.77, LLR 12.7 P = 0.0053) identified by SaTScan Also shown (large open red circle), area of the <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> clinical episode hotspot identified by SaTScan; 1995–2003, RR 1.42, LLR 11.01 P = 0.026.</p