The concept of “North-South Divide” and prospects of its development

The paper is devoted to some aspects of the problem of the gap between the wealthy developed Northern countries and poor and developing Southern ones. It also demonstrates the number of unsolved issues in the countries of the “third world” and processes of backwardness there. The article investigates some causes of the emergence of this problem, as well as ways of solution that were already implemented at the global level, and describes some future prospects concerning the concept of “North - South divide”.В статье рассматривается проблема разрыва между богатыми развитыми странами Севера и бедными развивающимися странами Юга. Показан ряд нерешенных проблем в странах "третьего мира". В статье приведены причины появления данной проблемы и пути ее решения, которые были уже воплощены в жизнь; а также описаны перспективы развития данной проблемы в будущем

Numbers (mean ± standard error) of apoptotic (annexin V positive) and necrotic (propidium iodide positive, annexin V negative) human peripheral blood leukocytes per 100 gated cells after <i>in vitro</i> incubation with FLIP7.

<p>Numbers (mean ± standard error) of apoptotic (annexin V positive) and necrotic (propidium iodide positive, annexin V negative) human peripheral blood leukocytes per 100 gated cells after <i>in vitro</i> incubation with FLIP7.</p

FLIP7 and reference antibiotics effects on the <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> ATCC 25922 and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> 203 biofilms cell viability and thickness.

<p>FLIP7 and reference antibiotics effects on the <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> ATCC 25922 and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> 203 biofilms cell viability and thickness.</p

Mass spectrometric characteristics and activity profiles of FLIP7 anti-biofilm AMPs.

<p>Mass spectrometric characteristics and activity profiles of FLIP7 anti-biofilm AMPs.</p

Sequences of <i>C</i>. <i>vicina</i> AMPs determined by transcriptome analysis and peptide sequencing.

<p>Sequences of <i>C</i>. <i>vicina</i> AMPs determined by transcriptome analysis and peptide sequencing.</p

Planktonic and biofilm bacteria sensitivity to FLIP7 and reference antibiotics (TTC assay).

<p>Planktonic and biofilm bacteria sensitivity to FLIP7 and reference antibiotics (TTC assay).</p

Cell killing (TTC assay) and biofilm eradicating (crystal violet assay) activity of FLIP7 fractions against <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> biofilms.

<p>Cell killing (TTC assay) and biofilm eradicating (crystal violet assay) activity of FLIP7 fractions against <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> biofilms.</p

Photomicrographs of biofilms formed by three bacterial strains in normal conditions and in the presence of FLIP7.

<p><i>A</i>. <i>baumannii</i> 28, <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> ATCC 25922 and <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> 203 biofilms grown as described in Materials and Methods section were incubated 24 hours in the culture medium (control) or the medium supplemented with 4 mg/mL of FLIP7 and photographed using Nomarski optics at 400-fold and 1000-fold (inset) magnification. All three strains formed dense biofilms containing live bacteria attached to the glass surface (control). At the same time, FLIP7 presence in the medium led to the destruction of the biofilm, in the remains of which are visible mainly cells that have lost their characteristic shape.</p

<i>C</i>. <i>vicina</i> AMP complex chromatographic fractionation and anti-biofilm compounds positioning.

<p>The complex was exposed to reversed phase HPLC and the resulting fractions antimicrobial activity against <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> D31 and <i>M</i>. <i>luteus</i> A270 strains was tested using solid growth inhibition assay as explained in Materials and Methods section. The resulting fractions were used for mass spectrometry analysis of the composition and antimicrobial activity of the components. Active fractions are marked by bars with a height corresponding to the area of the growth inhibition zone.</p