Main attack patterns.

Main characteristics and patterns of large carnivore attacks on humans documented in our study. (PDF)</p

Main published literature.

Main published literature collected and analyzed regarding large carnivore attacks, organized by species. (PDF)</p

Details of cases collected.

Details of large carnivore attacks on humans collected between 1950 and 2019 on a worldwide scale. (PDF)</p

Complete dataset of large carnivore attacks on humans documented between 1950 and 2019.

(XLSX)</p

Spatial distribution of large carnivore attacks on humans collected between 1950 and 2019.

We collected a total of 5,440 attack cases worldwide: 1,337 involved sloth bears Melursus ursinus, 1,047 tigers Panthera tigris, 765 Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus, 664 brown bears Ursus arctos, 414 wolves Canis lupus, 403 American black bears Ursus americanus, 282 lions Panthera leo, 205 leopards Panthera pardus, 140 coyotes Canis latrans, 135 cougars Puma concolor, 25 jaguars Panthera onca, and 23 polar bears Ursus maritimus. The maps were produced in QGIS, and the base shapefile layer of world countries was downloaded from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-countries/) and do not require credit because of public domain. The data underlying this Figure can be found in S2 Data.</p

Focus on predatory attacks.

Characteristics of large carnivore predatory attacks on humans documented in our study. (PDF)</p

Numeric data underlying findings and figures.

(XLSX)</p

Attack circumstances clearly differ by regional income levels on a global scale.

In higher-income regions, attacks mainly involved people engaged in recreational activities, whereas in lower-income countries, attacks primarily involved people carrying out work or livelihood activities. The y-axis shows income levels of the countries where attacks occurred: (1) low income (≤$1,005); (2) lower middle income ($1,006–3,975); (3) upper middle income ($3,976–12,275); and (4) high income (>$12,275) [41]. The data underlying this Figure can be found in S2 Data.</p

Global spatial distribution (1950–2019) of the main large carnivore attack scenarios.

Predatory attacks are especially concentrated in India and Africa, where felids and canids are primarily involved. The maps were produced in QGIS, and the base shapefile layer of world countries was downloaded from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-countries/) and do not require credit because of public domain. The data underlying this Figure can be found in S2 Data.</p

Temporal trends in large carnivore attacks on humans in different regions of the world.

(A) The number of attacks shows a nonlinear increase over the years, as evidenced by fitting the general additive mixed model of the number of attacks-1 as a function of the smoothing factor “year.” In particular, the number of attacks has increased in countries with (B) low CO2 emissions and (C) a high proportion of agricultural land area. In countries with (D) large forest coverage, the number of attacks in the last several years has decreased. Panels B-D are counterplots representing, respectively, the effect of the interaction between year and CO2 emissions, % of agricultural land area, and % of forest land area on number of attacks-1 from a generalized additive mixed model. The axes represent the values of the predictor variables, and the interior is a topographic map of the predicted values. The pink colors represent larger predictions and the blue ones smaller predictions. The data underlying this Figure can be found in S2 Data.</p