Mathematical modeling of the formation of sedimentary acid precipitation in the atmosphere in view of the evaporation of moisture from their surface

The article presents the results of numeric simulation of the formation of sedimentary acid precipitation in the atmosphere taking into account the evaporation of moisture from their surfaces. It is established that the joint condensation of vapors of sulfuric anhydride and water vapor, given the flow of solar energy and the evaporation process significantly slows the growth of drops. The possibility of achieving the underlying surface by the formed sediments is analyzed

Dependence of a sensitive element deflection in a pressure measurement sensor in a pipeline

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase a resource of operational life of pressure sensors at oil pipeline operation. Now all enterprises of oil products transportation apply different types of sensors and gages when developing technological processes that gives the chance to initiate fully automated production. When developing such productions much attention is paid to the choice of sensors for obtaining reliable and exact data and extension of their service life that is directly related to reliability of designs and units of a pipe. At the same time, it is necessary to consider influence of pipe parameters and the pumped-over liquid on dynamics of a sensitive element of a sensor as it will allow providing not only necessary accuracy, but it will also increase reliability of a system “pressure sensor - pipeline” and as a result reliability of the system as the whole. Breakage of the equipment or incorrect diagnostics can lead not only to a stop of oil products pumping, but also to the breakage of the system as the whole that corresponds to serious economic and environmental problems. Thus, the task of studying the adequate mathematical model connecting dynamics of a sensitive element of the pressure sensor and pressure in the pipeline is relevant now. The main aim is to define the influence of oil pipeline parameters, pumped-over liquid, and pressure in a pipe on a sensitive element deflection in a pressure sensor located on a pipe sidewall. Object: mathematical model of interaction of liquid pumping pipeline and pressure sensor at its location on a pipe sidewall. Methods: simulation, analysis and assessment of influence of a pipeline and pumped-over liquid parameters on sensor sensitive element deflection. Results. Study of the influence of transported liquid and pressure sensor parameters on the change of sensitive element deflection of the considered device has shown that it is necessary to consider such parameters of the sensor as Poisson's coefficient and sensitive element thickness when selecting pressure sensors. It was determined as well that the density of the pumped-over liquid effects most of all the sensor sensitive element deflection. Using the Simulink application of the MatLab program the authors studied the most widespread pressure sensor of DMD 331'A'S'AX. It was defined that the amplitude of an oscillations sensitive element is 3,5 mm and oscillations time is 180 seconds in case of the most allowable pressure of 9,8 MPa at high measured pressure in a pipe. At increase in pressure the process becomes dispersing that signals a membrane rush

Dependence of a sensitive element deflection in a pressure measurement sensor in a pipeline

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью увеличения ресурса работы датчиков давления при эксплуатации технологических (нефте', газо') трубопроводов. В настоящее время все предприятия транспортировки нефтепродуктов при разработке технологических процессов применяют различные виды средств измерения параметров продукта и трубопровода, что позволяет в полной мере создавать автоматизированное производство. При проектировании таких производств большое внимание уделяется выбору датчиков с целью получения достоверных по точностным характеристикам данных и продления их срока службы, связанного с надежной эксплуатацией конструкций и агрегатов трубы, на которой они установлены. При этом необходимо учитывать влияние параметров трубы и перекачиваемой жидкости на динамику чувствительного элемента датчика, так как это позволит обеспечить не только необходимую точность, но и повысит надежность конструкции “датчик давления - трубопровод» и, как следствие, надежность системы в целом. Поломка оборудования или неверная диагностика может привести к остановке процесса перекачивания нефтепродуктов и, как следствие, к более серьезным экономическим и экологическим проблемам. Таким образом, задача исследования адекватной математической модели, связывающей динамику чувствительного элемента датчика давления и параметры нефтепровода, в настоящее время является актуальной. Цель исследования: определить влияние параметров нефтепровода, перекачиваемой жидкости, а также давления в трубе на прогиб чувствительного элемента датчика давления, расположенного на боковой стенке трубы. Объект: математическая модель взаимодействия трубопровода перекачки жидкости и датчика давления при его расположении на боковой стенке трубы Методы: имитационное моделирование, анализ и оценка влияния параметров трубопровода и перекачиваемой жидкости на прогиб чувствительного элемента датчика. Результаты. Исследование влияния параметров транспортируемой жидкости и датчика давления на изменение прогиба чувствительного элемента рассматриваемого прибора показало, что при выборе датчиков давления необходимо учитывать такие параметры датчика, как коэффициент Пуассона и толщина чувствительно элемента. Также установлено, что наибольшее влияние на прогиб чувствительного элемента датчика оказывает плотность перекачиваемой жидкости. С использованием имитационного приложения Simulink программы MatLab был исследован наиболее распространенный датчик давления DMD 331-A-S-AX. Установлено, что при повышении измеряемого давления в трубе амплитуда колебания чувствительного элемента составляет 3,5 мм и время колебания 180 секунд при максимально допустимом давлении 9,8 МПа. При увеличении давления процесс становится расходящимся, что сигнализирует о порыве мембраны.The relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase a resource of operational life of pressure sensors at oil pipeline operation. Now all enterprises of oil products transportation apply different types of sensors and gages when developing technological processes that gives the chance to initiate fully automated production. When developing such productions much attention is paid to the choice of sensors for obtaining reliable and exact data and extension of their service life that is directly related to reliability of designs and units of a pipe. At the same time, it is necessary to consider influence of pipe parameters and the pumped-over liquid on dynamics of a sensitive element of a sensor as it will allow providing not only necessary accuracy, but it will also increase reliability of a system “pressure sensor - pipeline” and as a result reliability of the system as the whole. Breakage of the equipment or incorrect diagnostics can lead not only to a stop of oil products pumping, but also to the breakage of the system as the whole that corresponds to serious economic and environmental problems. Thus, the task of studying the adequate mathematical model connecting dynamics of a sensitive element of the pressure sensor and pressure in the pipeline is relevant now. The main aim is to define the influence of oil pipeline parameters, pumped-over liquid, and pressure in a pipe on a sensitive element deflection in a pressure sensor located on a pipe sidewall. Object: mathematical model of interaction of liquid pumping pipeline and pressure sensor at its location on a pipe sidewall. Methods: simulation, analysis and assessment of influence of a pipeline and pumped-over liquid parameters on sensor sensitive element deflection. Results. Study of the influence of transported liquid and pressure sensor parameters on the change of sensitive element deflection of the considered device has shown that it is necessary to consider such parameters of the sensor as Poisson's coefficient and sensitive element thickness when selecting pressure sensors. It was determined as well that the density of the pumped-over liquid effects most of all the sensor sensitive element deflection. Using the Simulink application of the MatLab program the authors studied the most widespread pressure sensor of DMD 331'A'S'AX. It was defined that the amplitude of an oscillations sensitive element is 3,5 mm and oscillations time is 180 seconds in case of the most allowable pressure of 9,8 MPa at high measured pressure in a pipe. At increase in pressure the process becomes dispersing that signals a membrane rush