Association entre la continuité des soins et l'usage des médicaments chez les diabétiques de type 2

Introduction: La continuité des soins (CDS) interpersonnelle est la pierre angulaire des soins primaires. En fonction de son contexte d’application, la CDS peut prendre la forme de continuité des soins médicaux et de continuité des soins pharmaceutiques. Un épisode d’hospitalisation pourrait en revanche constituer un élément de discontinuité. Il existe de nombreuses évidences que la CDS diminue la survenue d’hospitalisations et augmente la satisfaction des patients. Cependant, les évidences concernant l’amélioration des indicateurs d’usage des médicaments restent non concluantes, plus particulièrement pour les patients atteints de maladies chroniques. Objectif: L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’évaluer : 1) l’association entre la CDS et l’usage des médicaments chez les diabétiques de type 2, 2) l’association entre l’hospitalisation et ce même usage. Méthode: À partir des bases de données administratives de la Régie de l’assurance maladie du Québec, nous avons obtenu une population d’étude constituée d’individus ayant reçu un premier antidiabétique oral entre le 1er janvier 2000 et le 31 décembre 2008. Avec cette population d’étude, nous avons réalisé trois études de cohorte. D’abord, dans la première étude, nous avons évalué l’association entre la continuité des soins médicaux et les indicateurs d’usage des médicaments chez les diabétiques de type 2. Ensuite, dans la deuxième étude, nous avons évalué l’association entre la continuité des soins pharmaceutiques, mesurée en terme de fidélité à une pharmacie, et les indicateurs d’usage des médicaments chez les diabétiques de type 2. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, en appariant les individus hospitalisés aux non-hospitalisés, nous avons évalué l’association entre l’hospitalisation et les indicateurs d’usage des médicaments chez les diabétiques de type 2. Un modèle de régression de poisson modifiée a été utilisé pour chaque indicateur d’usage des médicaments incluant : 1) la persistance au traitement antidiabétique (TA), 2) l’observance du TA, 3) l’usage des inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine ou des antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine 2 (IECA/ARA 2) et 4) l’usage des hypolipémiants. Résultats: Comparativement aux individus ayant une CDS médicaux élevée, ceux qui avaient une CDS médicaux intermédiaire et faible étaient moins susceptibles d’être persistants à leur TA (rapport de prévalences ajusté [RPA] 0,97; intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC 95%] 0,96-0,98 et 0,96; 0,95-0,97, respectivement), d’être observants de leur TA (RPA : 0,98; IC 95% 0,97-0,99 et 0,95; 0,94-0,97, respectivement) et d’utiliser un médicament hypolipémiant (RPA : 0,97; IC 95% 0,96-0,98 et 0,96; 0,94-0,98, respectivement). Par contre, la probabilité d’utiliser un IECA/ARA 2 ne différait pas selon le niveau de CDS médicaux. Les individus ayant une CDS pharmaceutiques faible étaient moins susceptibles de persister à leur TA (rapport de prévalences ajusté [RPA] : 0,98 ; intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC 95%] : 0,97-0,98), d’observer leur TA (RPA : 0,96 ; IC à 95% : 0,95-0,96), d’utiliser un IECA/ARA 2 (RPA : 0,95; IC 95% : 0,94-0,96) ou un hypolipémiant (RPA :0,94 ; IC 95%: 0,93-0,95) que ceux ayant une CDS pharmaceutiques élevée. Comparativement aux personnes non hospitalisées, les personnes hospitalisées étaient moins susceptibles d’être persistantes à leur TA (Rapport de prévalences ajusté [RPA]: 0,97; intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC 95%]: 0,97-0,98) et observantes du TA (RPA : 0,95; IC 95% : 0,95-0,96), et d’utiliser un IECA/ ARA 2 (RPA : 0,58; IC 95% : 0,54-0,61) ou un hypolipémiant (RPA : 0,80; IC 95% : 0,77-0,83) dans les 90 jours après la sortie de l’hôpital. Conclusion: Les résultats suggèrent qu’une CDS plus élevée, en particulier la CDS pharmaceutiques serait associée à un meilleur usage des médicaments chez les diabétiques de type 2. Quant à l’hospitalisation, les résultats suggèrent que cela pourrait être associé à un moins bon usage de médicaments suite à l’hospitalisation.Introduction: Continuity of Care (CoC) is the cornerstone of primary care. Depending on its application context, interpersonal CoC could be subdivided into medical CoC, pharmaceutical CoC. An episode of hospitalization could instead be an element of discontinuity. There are many evidences that interpersonal CoC reduces the occurrence of hospitalizations and increases patient satisfaction. However, the evidence concerning the improvement of quality indicators of drug use remains inconclusive, especially for patients with chronic diseases. Objective: The general objective of this thesis was to evaluate the association between: 1) CoC and indicators of drug use in patients with type 2 diabetes, 2) hospitalization and the same indicators. Methods: Using the administrative databases of the Quebec health insurance board, we identified a study population consisting of individuals who received a first oral antidiabetes drug (AD) between 1st January 2000 and 31 December 2008. Within this study population, we conducted three cohort studies. In the first study, we assessed the association between medical CoC and indicators of drug use in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the second study, we evaluated the association between pharmaceutical CoC and indicators of drug use in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the third study, by matching hospitalized and non-hospitalized individuals, we evaluated the association between hospitalization and quality indicators of drug use in patients with type 2 diabetes. A modified poisson regression model was used for each indicator of drug use including: 1) persistence with AD, 2) compliance with AD, 3) the use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEi/ARB) and 4) the use of a lipid-lowering drug. Results: Compared to individuals with a high medical CoC, those with intermediate and low medical CoC were less likely to be persistent (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-0.98 and 0.96, 0.95-0.97, respectively), to be compliant with their AD (APR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99 and 0.95, 0.94-0.97, respectively) and to use a lipid-lowering drug (APR 0.96, 95% CI 0.97-0.98 and 0.96, 0.94-0.97, respectively). However, the likelihood of using an ACEi/ ARB did not differ by the level of medical CoC. Individuals with low pharmaceutical CoC were less likely to persist with their AD (APR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.98), to be compliant with their AD (APR 0.96; 95% CI 0.95-0.96), to use an ACEi/ARB (APR 0.95; 95% CI 0.94-0.96) or a lipid-lowering drug (APR 0.94; 95% CI 0.93-0.95) than those with high pharmaceutical CoC. Compared to non-hospitalized individuals, those hospitalized were less likely to be persistent (APR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.97-0.98) and compliant (APR 0.95; 0.95-0.96) with their AD in the 90 days after hospital discharge. Among individuals without cardiovascular diseases, compared to non-hospitalized individuals, those hospitalized were less likely to use an ACEi/ARB (APR 0.58; 0.54-0.61) or a lipid-lowering drug (APR 0.80; 0.77-0.83) within the 90 days after discharge from hospital. Conclusion: The results suggest that higher CoC, particularly pharmaceutical CoC could be associated with better quality of drug use in patients with type 2 diabetes. Regarding hospitalization, the results suggest that it could be associated with poorer drug use after hospitalization

Association between interpersonal continuity of care and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes : an observational cohort study

Background: Prior studies have shown that, compared to patients with a low level of interpersonal continuity of care, patients with a high level of continuity of care have a lower likelihood of hospital admission and emergency department visits, and a higher likelihood of patient satisfaction. We sought to determine whether higher levels of continuity of care are associated with medication persistence and compliance among new users of oral antidiabetic treatment. Methods: We conducted a medicoadministrative cohort study of new users of oral antidiabetics aged 18 years or more among people covered by the Quebec public drug plan. We excluded people with fewer than 730 days of treatment and those who had been in hospital for 275 days or more in the first or second year after initiation of antidiabetic treatment. We categorized continuity of care observed in the first year after treatment initiation as low, intermediate or high. The association between continuity of care and medication persistence and compliance was assessed using generalized linear models. Results: In this cohort of 60 924 new users of oral antidiabetic treatment, compared to patients with a high level of continuity of care, those with an intermediate and a low level of continuity of care were less likely to be persistent (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96-0.98] and 0.96 [95% CI 0.95-0.97], respectively) and compliant (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.98 [95% CI 0.97-0.99] and 0.95 [0.94-0.97], respectively) with their antidiabetic treatment. Interpretation: A higher level of interpersonal continuity of care was associated with a higher likelihood of drug persistence and compliance. Since the strength of this association was weak, further research is required to determine whether continuity of care plays a role in medication adherence

Using information and communication technologies to involve patients and the public in health education in rural and remote areas: a scoping review

Abstract Background Patient and public involvement (PPI) in health education is a practice whereby research and education are carried in collaboration ‘with’ patients and/or citizens, maintaining their role as a team member or expert. PPI in health education is of great interest for all stakeholders in the field, as it can make program development more relevant to the public and increase its utilization by the target population. However, little is known about how PPI should be implemented in different settings particularly in rural and remote areas. Therefore, a deeper understanding of how PPI works in different environments is needed. We aim to explore how information and communication technologies (ICT) are used for PPI in health education programs in rural and remote areas. Methods We performed a scoping review. Two reviewers independently selected 641 studies from five electronic databases. Data were extracted, charted and validated by the senior researcher and study lead. We performed a narrative synthesis to map the literature. Results Of the initial 641 articles identified, 5 fit the eligibility criteria. Most of the studies targeted community members at large. Consultation and collaboration were the main levels of PPI, which included communities at large and specific at-risk groups. The main forms of ICT used were telephone and Internet, followed by teleconferences, electronic health records, and weblogs. No study measured the effectiveness of ICT for involving patients in health education in rural and remote areas. Conclusion Telephone and Internet were the most frequently used forms of PPI in health education in rural areas with consultation and collaboration as the main levels of PPI there. No study measured the impact of ICT for PPI in health education in rural areas. Due to this, measuring the impact of ICT in rural and remote areas as a means for PPI in health education of medical students, health professionals and patients requires further study

Association between loyalty to community pharmacy and medication persistence and compliance, and the use of guidelines-recommended drugs in Type 2 diabetes : a cohort study.

Pharmacists record data on all drugs claimed and may build a personal relationship with their clients. We hypothesized that loyalty to a single pharmacy could be associated with a better quality of drug use.To assess the association between pharmacy loyalty and quality of drug use among individuals treated with oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs).This is a cohort study using Quebec Health Insurance Board data. Associations were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.New OAD users, aged ≥18 years.Individuals who filled all their prescription drugs in the same pharmacy during the first year of treatment were considered loyal. During year 2 of treatment we assessed 4 quality indicators of drug use: persistence with antidiabetes treatment, compliance with antidiabetes treatment among those considered persistent, use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or of an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEi/ARB), and use of a lipid-lowering drug.Of 124,009 individuals, 59.75% were identified as loyal. Nonloyal individuals were less likely to persist with their antidiabetes treatment (adjusted odds ratio = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.86–0.91), to comply with their antidiabetes treatment (0.82; 0.79–0.84), to use an ACEi/ARB (0.85; 0.83–0.88) and to use a lipid-lowering drug (0.83; 0.80–0.85). Quality of drug use decreased as the number of different pharmacies increased (linear contrast tests <0.001).Results underscore the important role pharmacists could play in helping their clients with chronic diseases to better manage their drug treatments. Further research is needed to determine to what extent the positive effects associated with pharmacy loyalty are specifically due to pharmacists