OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM

Abstract -  The problem of designing spur gear with minimum mass and smaller size without violating the constraints plays a major role in today's industrial world, since the most commonly encountered mechanical power transmission require low weight. This paper presents an genetic approach to reduce the weight and thickness of the gear, also increases the power transmitting capacity and effectiveness using genetic algorithm (GA). It can be observed that the proposed optimal design with GA has the potential to yield considerably better solutions than the traditional heuristics. At the same time, the GA offer a better understanding of the trade-offs between various constraints.   Key words: Optimal design, genetic algorithm, Spur gea

Computational modelling of meiotic entry and commitment

In response to developmental and environmental conditions, cells exit the mitotic cell cycle and enter the meiosis program to generate haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Once cells decide to enter the meiosis program they become irreversibly committed to the completion of meiosis irrespective of the presence of cue signals. How meiotic entry and commitment occur due to the dynamics of the regulatory network is not well understood. Therefore, we constructed a mathematical model of the regulatory network that controls the transition from mitosis to meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Upon nitrogen starvation, yeast cells exit mitosis and undergo conjugation and meiotic entry. The model includes the regulation of Mei2, an RNA binding protein required for conjugation and meiotic entry, by multiple feedback loops involving Pat1, a kinase that keeps cells in mitosis, and Ste11, a transcription activator required for the sexual differentiation. The model accounts for various experimental observations and demonstrates that the activation of Mei2 is bistable, which ensures the irreversible commitment to meiosis. Further, we show by integrating the meiosis-specific regulation with a cell cycle model, the dynamics of cell cycle exit, G1 arrest and entry into meiosis under nitrogen starvation. © 2017 The Author(s)

Polyelectrolyte/silver nanocomposite multilayer films as multifunctional thin film platforms for remote activated protein and drug delivery

We demonstrate a nanoparticle loading protocol to develop a transparent, multifunctional polyelectrolyte multilayer film for externally activated drug and protein delivery. The composite film was designed by alternate adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and dextran sulfate (DS) on a glass substrate followed by nanoparticle synthesis through a polyol reduction method. The films showed a uniform distribution of spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 +/- 20 nm, which increased to 80 +/- 20 nm when the AgNO3 concentration was increased from 25 to 50 mM. The porous and supramolecular structure of the polyelectrolyte multilayer film was used to immobilize ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) within the polymeric network of the film. When exposed to external triggers such as ultrasonication and laser light the loaded films were ruptured and released the loaded BSA and CH. The release of CH is faster than that of BSA due to a higher diffusion rate. Circular dichroism measurements confirmed that there was no significant change in the conformation of released BSA in comparison with native BSA. The fabricated films showed significant antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Applications envisioned for such drug-loaded films include drug and vaccine delivery through the transdermal route, antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory coatings on implants and drug-releasing coatings for stents. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Anodic oxidation of chlorophenols in micelles and microemulsions on glassy carbon electrode: the medium effect on electroanalysis and electrochemical detoxification

The voltammetric behavior of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH), aqueous NaOH–sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) micellar solution and SDS/n-hexane/n-butanol/water microemulsion on glassy carbon electrode (GC) is reported. In aqueous alkaline medium, the electrode fouling is significant. Among the three media, the electrode fouling is the minimum in aqueous microemulsion. The fouling effect also depends on the nature of the phenolic compound. DCP exhibits the maximum fouling effect, and PCP exhibits the minimum fouling effect. During oxidation of the TCP in the microemulsion, quinone–hydroquinone-like redox couples were formed on the electrode surface. Reproducible voltammetric responses without electrode fouling could be obtained for all the three phenolic compounds up to 20 mM concentrations in microemulsion. In the galvanostatic oxidation in NaOH media, DCP and TCP led to formation of polymeric films on the glassy carbon surface. The Average molecular weight of the polymer obtained is in the range of 7,500–9,500. Even 2.5% by weight of chlorophenols could be oxidized under galvanostatic conditions in microemulsions without significant fouling

Unusual seedless approach to gold nanoparticle synthesis: application to selective rapid naked eye detection of mercury(II)

Report a novel seedless Hg2+-induced synthetic approach for the preparation of gold nanostructures. This protocol is demonstrated for the highly selective and sensitive naked eye detection of Hg2+ based on the high affinity metallophilic Hg2+–Au+ interaction. The response time upon exposure to Hg2+ is almost instantaneou

SWOT analysis of the electrochemical reactivity of different carbon paste electrodes

275-282<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" te"="" lang="EN-GB">The electroactivity of different carbonaceous materials suitable for electroanalytical applications has been described. Voltammetric studies reveal that only Vulcan carbon and single walled carbon nanotube show well defined voltammetric behavior with clear peak-to-peak separation close to the Nernstian behavior. Acetylene and activated carbon does not show the expected electroactivity and the reason is discussed with the help of electrochemical impedance analysis. The varied performances in terms of structure and morphology of different carbonaceous materials are further characterized using Raman spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscope and thermo gravimetric analysis.</span