Setup of the experiment.

<p>(A) Experimental space and arrangement of instruments, including a three-dimensional array of 34 ultrasonic microphones, 10 high-speed motion-capture cameras, and 4 high-speed imaging cameras. (B) The head stage (indicated by red arrows) used to track the bat’s head movements.</p

Whole mount sections through the area of wounded skin and examined under light microscopy (a) or, of the same section with DAPI staining of nuclei (b) include a central disorganized zone, the wound margin and nearby adjacent normal epidermis (white arrows) [Bar=500 microns].

<p>The schematic shows the variation of epidermal thickness from normal skin [left arrows; left and right sides of the Figure] to the new tissue ingrowth zone [right arrow; center of the Figure] (c) is matched to tissue zones with normal appearing epidermis and dermis (d), epidermis and dermis directly adjacent to the wound site (e) and new tissue growing by secondary intent into the previously biopsied zone (f). There were no differences in thickness of these zones at 7d following injury between nondiabetics and diabetics (solid bar=nondiabetics, hatched=diabetics; n=5 diabetic, 5 nondiabetic). Note C=control nondiabetic; D=diabetic.</p

Rac1 (a) was elevated in day 7 wounds (N - nondiabetic,D-diabetic; NI,DI-injury wound zone; NA,DA- adjacent to wound) [ANOVA p=0.0004; post hoc *p<0.05 for N vs. NI and D vs. DI; n=3/group].

<p>RHOA (b) increased in diabetics following injury [ANOVA p<0.0001; post hoc *p<0.05 for NI vs. DI, D vs. DI; n=3/group]. PTEN (c) was elevated after injury [ANOVA p=0.0006; post hoc *p<0.05 for N <a href="http://vs.ni" target="_blank">vs.NI</a> and D vs. DI; n=3/group]. PTEN was localized in subepidermal axons (arrows) and diffusely in keratinocytes and dermal connective tissue (nondiabetic intact skin (d) or adjacent to wound (e) and diabetic adjacent to wound (f)) [Bar=33 microns]. There was widespread PTEN rise in the central wound zone and adjacent skin [nondiabetic illustrated by wholemount (g) [Bar=200 microns].</p

GAP43 axon innervation of three zones associated with dorsal skin wounds (black arrows) shown by the schematic to be from nearby normal skin (a,d), adjacent wound margins (b,e) and the wound zone healing by secondary intention (c,f).

<p>Images (a-c) are nondiabetic littermate controls and (d-f) from diabetic mice. Data are matched to the wound zone in the micrographs above them (g,j nearby normal skin; h,k adjacent wound margin; i,l wound zone). Graphs show vertically directed GAP 43 axon density (g-i) and total GAP43 axon density (j-l) in diabetics (open bars) and nondiabetics (black bars). [g *p<0.05; h p=0.06 (NS) diabetic vs. nondiabertic; k *p<0.05 diabetic vs. nondiabetic, one tailed Student’s t-test; n=3 diabetic, 3 nondiabetic]. Bar=20 microns. </p

Beam steering using the transmission array model.

<p>(A) A series of tongue clicking positions and corresponding −3 dB contours of the normalized model beam patterns (color-coded). Blue dots on the outline of the bat head represent locations of array elements. (B) Model beam patterns at 35 kHz predicted using tongue positions shown in (A). The models were calculated using the bat head mesh derived from μCT scans. The range of azimuth shown is from −90° to 90°. The solid dots inside the contours in (A) and the plus signs (“+”) in (B) indicate the locations of sonar beam center. μCT, micro computed tomography.</p

Measured beam pattern features of <i>R. aegyptiacus</i>.

<p>(A) Normalized beam pattern at 35 kHz for a pair of consecutive clicks (top) and the average clicks obtained by merging all measured clicks (bottom). Crosses (“x”) indicate projected microphone locations, and plus signs (“+”) indicate the locations of sonar beam center. (B) Multi-frequency beam pattern structure of the same pair of clicks shown in (A) (top) and of the average clicks (bottom). The −3 dB contours (main lobe locations) of normalized beam pattern across multiple frequencies are color-coded. The average clicks appear more centered in both (A) and (B) because the 35-kHz beam axis of each individual click was aligned to the origin before averaging. (C) Model predictions of beam pattern and multi-frequency structure of a circular piston, plotted in the same color scales as in (A) and (B). The conventional piston model does not capture the beam pattern features of <i>R</i>. <i>aegyptiacus</i>. Note that all beam patterns in this study are plotted using the Eckert IV map projection from the bat’s perspective (see middle inset for orientation). The “stretch” in elevation of this map projection was compensated for in all the analyses.</p

Participant profile for the IDIs and FGDs.

<p>Participant profile for the IDIs and FGDs.</p

Occupations and employment outside the home.

(A) Percentages of males and females classed as unemployed outside the home. (B) Distribution of total contacts for both employed and unemployed. Solid line represents a gaussian KDE. Note the longer tail on the distribution for employed respondents. (C) Frequencies of occupations among the respondents of the survey. (TIF)</p

A Potential framework for initiating salt reduction in India.

<p>A Potential framework for initiating salt reduction in India.</p

Flow-chart depicting study methods for estimation of rates of influenza-associated ILI* in 28 villages in the Ballabgarh block (Haryana, India)–January 1 to December 31, 2011.

<p>(*ILI: influenza like illness defined as cough with history/measured fever. **AMI: acute medical illness defined any illness irrespective of symptoms excluding injury and those related to obstetric or surgical problems. ***p-y: person-years).</p