Pipe fractional flow theory : principles and applications

The contribution of this research is a simple, analytical mathematical modeling framework that connects multiphase pipe flow phenomena and satisfactorily reproduces key multiphase pipe flow experimental findings and field observations, from older classic data to modern ones. The proposed unified formulation presents, for the first time, a reliably accurate analytical solution for averaged (1D) multiphase pipe flow over a wide range of applications. The two new fundamental insights provided by this research are that: (a) macroscopic single-phase pipe flow fluid mechanics concepts can be generalized to multiphase pipe flow, and (b): viewing and analyzing multiphase pipe flow in general terms of averaged relative flow (or fractional flow) can lead to a unified understanding of its resultant (global) behavior. The first insight stems from our finding that the universal relationship that exists between pressure and velocity in single-phase flow can also be found equivalently between pressure and relative velocity in multiphase flow. This eliminates the need for a-priori flow pattern determination in calculating multiphase flow pressure gradients. The second insight signifies that, in general, averaged multiphase flow problems can be sufficiently modeled by knowing only the averaged volume fractions. This proves that flow patterns are merely the visual, spatial manifestations of the in-situ velocity and volume fraction distributions (the quantities that govern the transport processes of the flow), which are neatly captured in the averaged sense as different fractional flow paths in our proposed fractional flow graphs. Due to their simplicity, these new insights provide for a deeper understanding of flow phenomena and a broader capability to produce quantitative answers in response to what-if questions. Since these insights do not draw from any precedent in the prior literature, a science-oriented, comprehensive validation of our core analytical principles was performed. Model validation was performed against a diverse range of vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid, fluid-solid and vapor-liquid-liquid applications (over 74,000 experimental measurements from over 110 different labs and over 6,000 field measurements). Additionally, our analytical theory was benchmarked against other modeling methods and current industry codes with identical (unbiased), named published data. The validation and benchmarking results affirm the central finding of this research – that simple, suitably-averaged analytical models can yield an improved understanding and significantly better accuracy than that obtained with extremely complex, tunable models. It is proven that the numerous, continuously interacting (local) flow microphysics effects in a multiphase flow can be (implicitly) accounted for by just a few properly validated (global) closure models that capture their net (resultant) behavior. In essence, it is the claim of this research that there is an underlying simplicity and connectedness in this subject if looking at the resultant macroscopic (averaged) behaviors of the flow. The observed coherencies of the macroscopic, self-organizing physical structures that define the subject are equivalently present in the macroscopic mathematical descriptions of these systems, i.e., the flow-pattern-implicit, averaged-equations mixture models that describe the collective behavior of the flowing mixture.Chemical Engineerin

Migration and Dietary Diversity Changes among the Students: Case Study of the University of Delhi in India

A large number of students migrate every year to the University of Delhi to pursue higher studies. Most of these students find accommodation within the vicinity of the university, that is North Campus of the university. Change in their daily diets, induced by the migration, therefore, becomes a critical aspect of determining their physical and mental well-being. The paper aims to examine the changes in their dietary diversity after migration. The principal focus is to analyse the comparative qualitative differences in the diet of the students before and after migration to the University of Delhi.  The focus group for the research work comprises randomly selected migrant students from different parts of India, presently living in the North Campus of Delhi. For the primary survey, 100 respondents have been selected from four localities within the North Campus (Vijay Nagar, Malka Ganj, Kamla Nagar, and Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar) to get first-hand information and opinions. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques have been applied to identify the relationship between socio-economic and demographic features of the respondents, and the changes in their dietary diversity have been examined. The findings demonstrate an alarming trend being prevalent across all the four localities—in the consumption of nuts, dry & fresh fruits, and vegetables along with the simultaneous trend of a significant increase in fast-food consumption. The extent of the change varied significantly across the four localities.  The highest decline in dietary diversity was observed in Vijay Nagar, whereas Kamla Nagar experienced the least changes in dietary diversity

Design and development of novel bandages for compression therapy

During the past few years there have been increasing concerns relating to the performance of bandages, especially their pressure distribution properties for the treatment of venous leg ulcers. This is because compression therapy is a complex system and requires two or multilayer bandages, and the performance properties of each layer differs from other layers. The widely accepted sustained graduated compression mainly depends on the uniform pressure distribution of different layers of bandages, in which textile fibres and bandage structures play a major role. This article examines how the fibres, fibre blends and structures influence the absorption and pressure distribution properties of bandages. It is hoped that the research findings will help medical professionals, especially nurses, to gain an insight into the development of bandages. A total of 12 padding bandages have been produced using various fibres and fibre blends. A new technique that would facilitate good resilience and cushioning properties, higher and more uniform pressure distribution and enhanced water absorption and retention was adopted during the production. It has been found that the properties of developed padding bandages, which include uniform pressure distribution around the leg, are superior to existing commercial bandages and possess a number of additional properties required to meet the criteria stipulated for an ideal padding bandage. Results have indicated that none of the mostly used commercial padding bandages provide the required uniform pressure distribution around the limb

Dynamics of Urban Sprawl and Landuse Change in Imphal of Manipur, India

Urban areas are expanding and cities are becoming more compact due to population growth and migration. Cities in India have experienced rapid growth of population. Physical land use change has been observed today especially in the developing countries that led to shrinking of precious land, where the impact is mostly felt on agriculture land. The growing population was the main driving force of land use change. The study focused on monitoring urban land use change over a period of 45 years (1970-2015), and to assess its impact on agriculture in Imphal city and its surroundings. The study is based on secondary data and intends to identify the process of land use/land cover change over the different time period with the help of GIS imageries. The study found that the build-up area of the city had increased from  22.07 sq.km to 74.16 sq.km while agriculture areas shrank from 54.18 sq.km to 14.26 sq.km during the study period. Without proper planning and management, the excessive population growth will result to unplanned physical expansion towards the fringe areas in all direction

The hnRNP A1 homolog Hrp36 is essential for normal development, female fecundity, omega speckle formation and stress tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster

Hrp36/Hrb87F is one of the most abundant and well-characterized hnRNP A homolog in Drosophila and is shown to have roles in regulation of alternative splicing, heterochromatin formation, neurodegeneration, etc. Yet, hrp36 null individuals were reported to be viable and without any apparent phenotype, presumably because of overlapping functions provided by Hrp38 and related proteins. Here we show that loss of both copies of hrp36 gene slows down development with significant reduction in adult life span, decreased female fecundity and high sensitivity to starvation and thermal stresses. In the absence of Hrp36, the nucleoplasmic omega speckles are nearly completely disrupted. The levels of nuclear matrix protein Megator and the chromatin remodeller ISWI are significantly elevated in principal cells of larval Malpighian tubules, which also display additional endoreplication cycles and good polytene chromosomes. We suggest that besides the non-coding hsr omega-n transcripts, the Hrp36 protein is also a core constituent of omega speckles. The heat-shock-induced association of other hnRNPs at the hsr omega locus is affected in hrp36 null cells, which may be one of the reasons for their high sensitivity to cell stress. Therefore, in spite of the functional redundancy provided by Hrp38, Hrp36 is essential for normal development and for survival under conditions of stress

Catalytic transesterification of beta-ketoesters with zeolite H-FER under solvent free conditions

Zeolite H-FER catalyzes the transesterification of ??-ketoesters with variety of alcohols under solvent-less condition in excellent yields. The catalyst can be reused without any loss of activity. ?? ARKAT

The Tertiary sequence of Varkala coastal cliffs, southwestern India: An ideal site for Global Geopark

Varkala, along the southwestern coast of Peninsular India, has a unique place in Indian geology and geomorphology due to the presence of coastal lateritic cliffs, which exposes the entire Mio-Pliocene sequence of Warkalli Formation, and is declared as the type area. Stratigraphically, this formation exposes carbonaceous clay with lenses of lignite and sticks of marcasite, followed by variegated clays and sandstone. The presence of variegated lithounits endows beauty to these cliffs. Varkala cliffs, edging the Arabian Sea, run for a length of 7.5 km. These cliffs, together with confined beaches, made Varkala a popular tourist destination. Several geodiversity spots within the Varkala Cliff geoheritage site make Varkala geologically unique, just like the vestiges of the last separation of Indian subcontinent from the Mascarene Plateau; showcasing lateritization and distribution of beach placers, and jarosite, formed as a diagenetic replacement mineral from marcasite and considered as a Martian analog, are distinctiveness of the cliff. Additionally, Varkala is an internationally acclaimed beach tourist destination. Furthermore, there are several geoheritage sites as well as socio-cultural-historical sites in the hinterland of Varkala Cliff geoheritage site, which are within the proposed Varkala Global Geopark jurisdiction. Thus, this area fulfills all the criteria to be a Global Geopark. The socio-economic-environmental analysis showcases the changes that have occurred in these 3-end members. When the economic sphere was unaffected, the social scenario was slightly affected (25%) whereas the environmental aspect then drastically deteriorated by 75%. But, the SWOT analysis still elects Varkala as a potential Global Geopark. The concept of geopark contributes to at least one of the 17 goals in Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN). Consequently, this work also aims at propagating, not only the need for converting the geologically prominent areas to a geopark, but also attaining SDG, whatever is possible through geoparks