Múltiplas mutações em peptídeo conservado da proteína E do Dengue virus: implicações para a biologia do vírus

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Biologia.Dengue virus se relaciona com grande parte da humanidade. Foram identificados, até o momento, quatro sorotipos de dengue, que rapidamente se espalharam pelas regiões tropicais e subtropicais da Terra. É um arbovírus do gênero Flavivirus, envelopado, com material genético constituído por uma fita simples de RNA senso positivo. A entrada do vírus na célula acontece por endocitose. Nesse processo, a proteína de Envelope (E) é fundamental. Ela interage com receptores celulares de superfície da célula hospedeira, permitindo a entrada do vírus no meio intracelular. Diferentes estudos sugerem que mutações pontuais na proteína E têm impacto negativo para a biologia do vírus. A região E 250-­‐270 foi identificada como uma das mais conservadas evolutivamente da proteína. Sob o olhar de que regiões conservadas são importantes para a biologia do vírus, foi elaborada a hipótese de que múltiplas mutações na sequência codante do peptídeo E 250-­‐270 de DV1 possuem efeito sinérgico e interferem no fenótipo viral. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o fenótipo de Dengue vírus (sorotipo 1) que sofreu substituição de todos os aminoácidos polares e carregados da região E 250-­‐270 por Alaninas, denominado pBACMut A. Há indicação de que as mutações de pBACMut A não resultam em perda do poder de replicação do material genético in vitro. Não foi possível avaliar o poder infectivo de pBACMut A sendo, portanto, necessários novos ensaios

A Birth Cohort Study

Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND: Relatively few Amazonian infants have clinical malaria diagnosed, treated and notified before their first birthday, either because they are little exposed to an infection or remain asymptomatic once infected. Here we measure the proportion of children who have experienced Plasmodium vivax infection and malaria by 2 years of age in the main transmission hotspot of Amazonian Brazil. METHODS: We measured IgG antibodies to 3 blood-stage P. vivax antigens at the 1- and 2-year follow-up assessment of 435 participants in a population-based birth cohort. Children's malaria case notifications were retrieved from the electronic database of the Ministry of Health. We used multiple Poisson regression models to identify predictors of serologically proven P. vivax infection and clinical vivax malaria during the first 2 years of life. RESULTS: Overall, 23 [5.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.5-7.8%) children had antibodies to ≥2 antigens detected during at least one follow-up assessment, consistent with past P. vivax infection(s). Fifteen (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.1-5.6%) children had clinical vivax episodes notified during the first 2 years of life; 7 of them were seronegative. We estimate that half of the infections remained unnotified. Children born to women who experienced P. vivax infection during pregnancy were more likely to be infected and develop clinical vivax malaria, while those breast-fed for ≥12 months had their risk of being P. vivax-seropositive (which we take as evidence of blood-stage P. vivax infection during the first 2 years of life) decreased by 79.8% (95% CI: 69.3-86.7%). CONCLUSION: P. vivax infections in early childhood are underreported in the Amazon, are associated with anemia at 2 years of age, and appear to be partially prevented by prolonged breastfeeding.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Malaria in pregnancy in the Western Brazilian Amazon: associated factors and impact on maternal and fetal health.

Este trabalho observacional teve como objetivo investigar os fatores associados com o desenvolvimento da malária ao longo da gestação e as implicações da infecção por Plasmodium no momento do parto e da malária clínica ao longo da gestação para o crescimento fetal e para o nível de hemoglobina materna no parto, em uma região de alta endemicidade para a doença, onde há cocirculação de P. falciparum e P. vivax, na Amazônia Brasileira. Ao todo 1.180 gestantes participaram das análises de fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de malária gestacional e 1.140 - as gestantes que tiveram filhos nascidos vivos não gêmeos - participaram das análises da associação entre ocorrência de malária gestacional e os desfechos gestacionais abordados neste estudo. A prevalência de malária clínica antenatal, diagnosticada por microscopia de gota espessa, foi de 8,0%, sendo 74,6% dos casos notificados como P. vivax; a prevalência de infecção por Plasmodium no momento do parto, diagnosticada por qPCR, foi de 7,5% - ao todo 12,5% das gestantes que participaram deste estudo tiveram malária clínica antenatal ou infecção por Plasmodium no parto. A grande maioria (89,9%) das infecções por Plasmodium no parto foram assintomáticas. Morar em área rural foi o principal fator associado à malária gestacional na população deste estudo. No que se refere ao impacto da malária para os desfechos de crescimento fetal e nível de hemoglobina no parto, observou-se que malária antenatal provocou redução média de 0,36 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%, - 0,57 - -0,14 p = <0,01) no escore z de peso ao nascer, de 0,31 (IC 95%, - 0,54 - -0,08, p = 0,01) no escore z de comprimento ao nascer, e de 0,34 g/100 mL (IC 95%, -0,62 - -0,05 p = 0,02) na concentração de hemoglobina no momento do parto. Foi observado que um único caso de malária vivax antenatal foi suficiente para afetar negativamente o crescimento fetal e a concentração de hemoglobina materna. Quando foram analisados somente os casos de malária vivax repetidas, o efeito negativo foi ainda mais pronunciado. Entre as 637 amostras de cordão umbilical que tiveram diagnóstico molecular feito, 4 (0,6%) foram positivas para P. vivax e 2 (0,3%) para P. falciparum, totalizando uma prevalência de 0,9% de malária congênita na população de estudo. Apenas um dos casos de malária congênita apresentou sintomas. Foram observadas falhas de notificação no banco de dados do sistema de Informação Epidemiológica (SIVEP Malária), e há indicação de falhas no tratamento de malária na gestação no Brasil. Os resultados deste estudo confirmam que a malária vivax na gestação pode ter implicações graves para a saúde materno-fetal. No âmbito local os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a malária na gestação como problema de saúde pública nas regiões endêmicas do Brasil.The main objectives of this observational study were to investigate the associations between malaria in pregnancy (MiP) and sociodemographic and biological variables of mothers and estimate its impact on birth weight and length and maternal hemoglobin in 1,180 women from Juruá Valley, the main malaria hotspot in Brazil. Antenatal malaria episodes, 74.6% of them due to Plasmodium vivax, were microscopically diagnosed in 8.0% of the women and were associated with an average reduction in birth weight z-scores of 0.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.57 - -0.14 p = <0.01) and in birth length z-scores of 0.31 (CI 95%, - 0.54 - -0.08, p = 0.01), compared with malaria-free pregnancies. Affected mothers had a mean decrease in hemoglobin concentration at delivery of 0.34 g/100 mL (CI 95%, -0.62 - -0.05 p = 0.02). Although repeated antenatal vivax infections were associated with poorer birth outcomes, even a single vivax malaria episode was associated with a significant reduction in birth weight and length and maternal hemoglobin. Overall, 7.5% women had the parasites DNA found in peripheral blood at delivery. Most (83.1%) of these 89 perinatal infections were due to P. vivax and only 7.9% of them progressed to symptomatic disease after delivery. P. vivax and P. falciparum DNA was found in 0.6% and 0.3% of 637 cord blood samples examined, respectively, but only one newborn developed clinical neonatal malaria. Living in rural areas was the main factor associated with gestational malaria in the study population. Moreover, we found further evidence that health-care providers often fail to comply with the countrys malaria treatment guidelines for pregnant women in Brazil. We retrospectively found that Primaquine was prescribed for more than half of the antenatal P. vivax infections diagnosed during the study, not only in the first trimester (when the pregnancy status might be unknown) but also in infections correctly reported as MiP. Our results further challenge the notion that vivax malaria is relatively benign during pregnancy and call for better strategies for its prevention

Statistical modeling of surveillance data to identify correlates of urban malaria risk: A population-based study in the Amazon Basin.

Despite the recent malaria burden reduction in the Americas, focal transmission persists across the Amazon Basin. Timely analysis of surveillance data is crucial to characterize high-risk individuals and households for better targeting of regional elimination efforts. Here we analyzed 5,480 records of laboratory-confirmed clinical malaria episodes combined with demographic and socioeconomic information to identify risk factors for elevated malaria incidence in Mâncio Lima, the main urban transmission hotspot of Brazil. Overdispersed malaria count data clustered into households were fitted with random-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Random-effect predictors were used to characterize the spatial heterogeneity in malaria risk at the household level. Adult males were identified as the population stratum at greatest risk, likely due to increased occupational exposure away of the town. However, poor housing and residence in the less urbanized periphery of the town were also found to be key predictors of malaria risk, consistent with a substantial local transmission. Two thirds of the 8,878 urban residents remained uninfected after 23,975 person-years of follow-up. Importantly, we estimated that nearly 14% of them, mostly children and older adults living in the central urban hub, were free of malaria risk, being either unexposed, naturally unsusceptible, or immune to infection. We conclude that statistical modeling of routinely collected, but often neglected, malaria surveillance data can be explored to characterize drivers of transmission heterogeneity at the community level and provide evidence for the rational deployment of control interventions

High prevalence of gestational night blindness and maternal anemia in a population-based survey of Brazilian Amazonian postpartum women.

Nutrition during pregnancy is one of the key elements to good maternal and child health, as well as to lifetime landmarks. However, many pregnant women go undernourished in less developed settings. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with gestational night blindness (GXN) and maternal anemia in a cross-sectional population-based study in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State, Western Brazilian Amazon. All women living in the municipality admitted at the only maternity-hospital in the city to delivery of a singleton infant were eligible to this study (n = 1,525). Recruitment of participants took place between July 2015 to June 2016. GXN was assessed in the postpartum period by WHO standardized interview. Maternal anemia was defined as hemoglobin at delivery < 110.0 g/L. We estimated prevalence rates and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR), alongside 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), of the factors associated with the outcomes through multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance. Alarming prevalence of GXN (11.5%; 95% CI, 9.97-13.25) and maternal anemia (39.4%; 95% CI, 36.84-41.95) were found. Factors associated with GXN were (aPR; 95% CI): ≥ 5 residents in the household (2.06; 1.24-3.41), smoking during pregnancy (1.78; 1.15-2.78), and attending < 6 antenatal care visits (1.61; 1.08-2.40). Factors associated with maternal anemia were (aPR; 95% CI): maternal age < 19 years (1.18; 1.01-1.38), gestational malaria (1.22; 1.01-1.49), not taking micronutrient supplements during pregnancy (1.27; 1.01-1.62), and attending < 6 antenatal care visits (1.40; 1.15-1.70). High prevalence rates of GXN and maternal anemia in these postpartum women may reflect poor assistance during antenatal care, underlying the importance of rethinking current protocols related to nutrition in pregnancy