Knowledge, perceptions, and practices with respect to the prevention of dengue in a mid-Pacific coastal village of Costa Rica

Dengue fever is the fastest spreading, most prevalent and deadly arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide, present in over 125 countries. In 2013, Costa Rica is experiencing the highest number of Dengue infections since the virus’s reintroduction to the country in 1993. This study evaluated the Dengue-related knowledge of 320 community members, and polled opinions on how to better educate and mobilize the community on Dengue prevention in Quebrada Ganado, Costa Rica during March-May, 2013. In addition, property inspections were used to find relationships between knowledge or opinions and presence of Aedes breeding sites. Results showed that while citizens knew the virus is transmitted by mosquitoes that reproduce near water, they lacked knowledge on Aedes habits and confused it with other mosquitoes. Eighty-one percent of respondents assumed some responsibility for dengue prevention. Suggestions for improved education included consistent and continual information on the risks and dangers dengue poses to an individual. Characteristics relating to households with more positive breeding sites were: lower education level, higher prevalence of dengue infections in the household, lesser knowledge of dengue symptoms, a lower rating on the dangers of dengue and a lower rating on the importance of preventative actions. While a range of prevention methods are implemented, active community involvement is highly important for successful Dengue prevention. Continual evaluation is necessary to make more immediate, long-term behavioral societal changes, and to maximize the economic resources spent on Dengue prevention. Victoria L. Egedus1,2, José Morales Ortega3 & Anabelle Alfaro Obando4 1Associated Colleges of the Midwest, San Pedro, Costa Rica2Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA; [email protected] de Salud, Área Rectora Garabito Jacó, Puntarenas, Costa Rica;       [email protected] Nacional, Costa Rica; [email protected]

Evaluación de una prueba rápida para diagnóstico de dengue en el nivel local Evaluation of a rapid dengue test at the local level

Justificación y objetivo: Analizar concordancia entre la prueba rápida Dengue Duo IgM & IgG® de la casa comercial PanBio®, aplicada en el nivel local de diferentes áreas del país y en el Centro Nacional de Referencia de Virología (CNRV), con resultados obtenidos por MACELISA del CNRV. Métodos: Resultados de 828 determinaciones de IgM dengue por Dengue Duo IgM & IgG® del nivel local y del CNRV se compararon por el índice kappa con los resultados del MAC-ELISA del CNRV. Para verificar el cumplimiento en procedimientos de la casa comercial, se realizó una visita de inspección a los laboratorios y se envió muestras incógnitas para evaluar el desempeño. Resultados: El índice kappa de la prueba rápida en el nivel local contra el MAC-ELISA fue 0,62 (IC 95% 0,55-0,69) y la concordancia de los positivos del 75% (IC 95% 71-79). El índice kappa de la prueba rápida en el CNRV fue 0,81 (IC 95% 0,88-1,74) y la concordancia de los positivos del 93% (IC 95% 90-95). El 100% de los laboratorios mostraron condiciones adecuadas para aplicar esta prueba; su personal fue capacitado, pero la atención de otros análisis dificultó la lectura en el tiempo establecido. La concordancia de las incógnitas fue del 100%. Conclusión: Se evidenció una diferencia significativa en el índice kappa y la concordancia de los positivos, al aplicar la prueba rápida en los laboratorios y en el CNRV, hallazgos que documentan que la descentralización de esta metodología requerirá un acompañamiento que identifique factores causales de discordancia para subsanarlos y promover la generación de resultados consistentes que orienten la toma de decisiones acertadas.Background and aim: To analyze concordance of results obtained using the Dengue Duo IgM &IgG® rapid test (Pan Bio®) applied at the local level in different areas across the country and the MAC ELISA used at National Reference Center for Virology (CNRV) Methodology: The results of 828 dengue tests carried out with the Duo IgM& IgG® (Pan Bio®) at local level and at the CNRV were compared by the kappa index with those obtained with a MAC ELISA test at the CNRV. An inspection visit to participating laboratories was made and unknown samples were sent to evaluate the performance of the participants and to check the fulfillment of the procedures used with the recommendations of the manufacturer. Results: The kappa index of the results of the rapid test used at local level in comparison with the MAC ELISA was 0.62 (CI 95% 90-95); the concordance of the positive samples was 75% (CI 95% 71-79). The kappa index of the rapid test used at the CNRV was 0.81 (CI 95% 0.88- 1.74) and the concordance of the positive samples was 93% (CI 95% 90-95). All laboratories showed ideal facilities to carry out the tests and the staff got the training required; however, the attention to other analyses affected the reading within the time recommended. The concordance of the unknown samples was 100%. Conclusion: A significant difference was demonstrated in the kappa index and the concordance of positive samples between the rapid tests carried out at the participant laboratories and at the CNRV. These results imply that decentralization of this methodology would require continuous support to identify correctable factors of disagreement and to promote the generation of consistent results to orient the decision-making process