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Additional file 14. A table with description of strains and plasmids generated and used in this study and graphical representation of over-expressed operons/genes

Adaptation of the MapMan ontology to biotic stress responses: application in solanaceous species-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Adaptation of the MapMan ontology to biotic stress responses: application in solanaceous species"</p><p>http://www.plantmethods.com/content/3/1/10</p><p>Plant Methods 2007;3():10-10.</p><p>Published online 4 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2018691.</p><p></p>he pathogen which is recognized by the related receptors (putative R genes), transcription of the cascade of the plant defence mechanism is triggered, including oxidative stress changes. Inside the cell, signals are transmitted to lead to the production of defence molecules (PR-proteins, heat shock proteins and secondary metabolites). Genes with experimental indication of involvement in the biotic stress are gathered on the main panel (coloured with dark grey), while genes and pathways that are putatively involved in biotic stress pathway are shown on the left and right sides (coloured in light grey). ) Potato samples 30 minutes after inoculation with potato virus . ) Tobacco samples 24 hours after inoculation with . In both cases, the signal after infection is expressed as a ratio relative to the signal in unifected controls, converted to a scale, and displayed. The scale is shown in the figures

Adaptation of the MapMan ontology to biotic stress responses: application in solanaceous species-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Adaptation of the MapMan ontology to biotic stress responses: application in solanaceous species"</p><p>http://www.plantmethods.com/content/3/1/10</p><p>Plant Methods 2007;3():10-10.</p><p>Published online 4 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2018691.</p><p></p>he pathogen which is recognized by the related receptors (putative R genes), transcription of the cascade of the plant defence mechanism is triggered, including oxidative stress changes. Inside the cell, signals are transmitted to lead to the production of defence molecules (PR-proteins, heat shock proteins and secondary metabolites). Genes with experimental indication of involvement in the biotic stress are gathered on the main panel (coloured with dark grey), while genes and pathways that are putatively involved in biotic stress pathway are shown on the left and right sides (coloured in light grey). ) Potato samples 30 minutes after inoculation with potato virus . ) Tobacco samples 24 hours after inoculation with . In both cases, the signal after infection is expressed as a ratio relative to the signal in unifected controls, converted to a scale, and displayed. The scale is shown in the figures

Desarrollo de una batería de uso espacial a partir de células comerciales

Este Trabajo Fin de Máster es la culminación de un proyecto docente dedicado a las baterías de uso espacial a partir de células comerciales (COTS), iniciado por el autor en el Caso de Estudio II y en el Caso de Estudio III del Máster Universitario en Sistemas espaciales, impartido en el instituto IDR/UPM. Este TFM se centra en el análisis de los circuitos de equilibrado en baterías de uso espacial. El uso de este tipo de circuitos es imprescindible en el empleo de baterías de ion Litio, y su necesidad ha quedado bien patente tras los trabajos de monitorización y equilibrado de la batería del UPMSat-2. El trabajo desarrollado en este documento se empleará en el diseño y construcción de la futura batería para la misión UNION/Lian. La batería (o baterías) de un micro-satélite comprende una parte significativa de su masa seca total (sin propulsante), y son elementos críticos de misión, los cuales suministran potencia eléctrica a todos los subsistemas del segmento de vuelo durante los periodos de eclipse. No obstante, el suministro energético de la batería no es la única demanda de la que esta es objeto: todas las misiones típicamente exponen a la batería a vibraciones extremas y choques durante el lanzamiento y la separación, así como altos gradientes de temperatura, radiación, y condiciones de vacío en órbita. En este Trabajo Fin de Máster se recopila también el Plan de Ensayos que guiará a los mismos con el fin de calificar la futura batería de la misión UNION/Lian

Insertion of a Specific Fungal 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphatase Motif into a Plant Homologue Improves Halotolerance and Drought Tolerance of Plants

<div><p>Soil salinity and drought are among the most serious agricultural and environmental problems of today. Therefore, investigations of plant resistance to abiotic stress have received a lot of attention in recent years. In this study, we identified the complete coding sequence of a 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphatase protein, ApHal2, from the halotolerant yeast <i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i>. Expression of the <i>ApHAL2</i> gene in a <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae hal2</i> mutant complemented the mutant auxotrophy for methionine, and rescued the growth of the <i>hal2</i> mutant in media with high NaCl concentrations. A 21-amino-acids-long region of the ApHal2 enzyme was inserted into the <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> homologue of Hal2, the SAL1 phosphatase. The inserted sequence included the META motif, which has previously been implicated in increased sodium tolerance of the Hal2 homologue from a related fungal species. Transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants overexpressing this modified <i>SAL1 (mSAL1)</i> showed improved halotolerance and drought tolerance. In a medium with an elevated salt concentration, <i>mSAL1</i>-expressing plants were twice as likely to have roots in a higher length category in comparison with the wild-type <i>Arabidopsis</i> and with plants overexpressing the native <i>SAL1</i>, and had 5% to 10% larger leaf surface area under moderate and severe salt stress, respectively. Similarly, after moderate drought exposure, the <i>mSAL1</i>-expressing plants showed 14% increased dry weight after revitalisation, with no increase in dry weight of the wild-type plants. With severe drought, plants overexpressing native <i>SAL1</i> had the worst rehydration success, consistent with the recently proposed role of <i>SAL1</i> in severe drought. This was not observed for plants expressing <i>mSAL1</i>. Therefore, the presence of this fungal META motif sequence is beneficial under conditions of increased salinity and moderate drought, and shows no drawbacks for plant survival under severe drought. This demonstrates that adaptations of extremotolerant fungi should be considered as a valuable resource for improving stress-tolerance in plant breeding in the future.</p></div

Modelling of a modified SAL1 protein with the inserted loop with the META region from ApHal2.

<p>Top: Three-dimensional models of <i>A. pullulans</i> ApHal2 (A), <i>A. thaliana</i> SAL1 (B), and modified SAL1 (mSAL1) (C) with the replaced loop shown in orange and the META region in red. The conserved active-site amino acids are in yellow. The models were prepared on the basis of the <i>S. cerevisiae</i> Hal2 structure, using Swissmodel. Bottom: Amino-acid alignment of Hal2 (NP_014577), ApHal2 (KC242234), mSAL1 and SAL1 (ID 836519), using AlignX. Black arrows indicate the conserved amino acids lysine (170) and glycine (189), bordering on the loop of the SAL1 protein, which was replaced by the loop from ApHal2, containing the META region (DSEPLTEDL).</p

<i>ApHAL2</i> salt tolerance plate assay.

<p>Ten-fold serially diluted cultures of <i>S. cerevisiae hal2</i> mutant cells transformed with the empty plasmid pRD53 or the plasmid carrying <i>HAL2</i>, <i>ApHAL2</i> or <i>HwHAL2</i> (as indicated) were plated on YNB-Ura (-URA) plates containing galactose (Gal), with no NaCl (Control) and with the indicated concentrations of NaCl. The data are representative of three independent experiments.</p

Additional file 5: of quantGenius: implementation of a decision support system for qPCR-based gene quantification

quantGenius performance validation: calculations in Excel. (XLS 50 kb

<i>A. thaliana</i> plants exposed to salt stress.

<p>Wild type plants and plants overexpressing <i>SAL1</i> and <i>mSAL1</i> (as indicated) were grown for four weeks in medium containing 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl (as indicated). (A) Representative plants, showing differences in root length under the salt stress. (B) Relative occupancy of root length group – proportion of plants having root length of given category (0, shortest; 3. longest; see Methods). The root lengths were predicted separately from the statistical model for the three genotypes and NaCl concentrations (as indicated), as they were shown to be statistically significant for determining the root length groups (p<0.001).</p

<i>ApHAL2</i> gene expression with salt adaptation and under stress conditions.

<p>Expression analysis in <i>A. pullulans</i> during constant growth at increasing concentrations of NaCl (A), and after hypersaline (B) and hyposaline (C) shock. The data are relative fold-inductions of cDNA levels, as means (±standard deviation) of two qPCR experiments (biological replicates), each carried out in duplicate, relative to no NaCl in adapted cells (A), and relative to zero time in stressed cells (B, C).</p