Učešće građana u savremenom novinarstvu - konceptualna rasprava

This paper questions the pluralism of terms used for considering citizen participation in the production of news. Based on a literature review, the concepts of participatory, civic and networked journalism are discussed - their meaning and use in academic literature. Besides examining the existing way of differentiation between citizen and participatory journalism, the concepts of participatory, civic and networked journalism are systematized using the basic model of the communication process. On the grounds of the theoretical discussions and introduced systematization, participatory journalism is offered as a unifying concept with potential to encompass current transformation of journalism as a system.Rad problematizuje mnoštvo termina kojima se u akademskoj literaturi imenuje učešće građana u procesima proizvodnje vesti. Na osnovu pregleda literature, razmatraju se termini participativnog, građanskog i umreženog novinarstva - njihov nastanak, značenje, načini definisanja i upotrebe. Osim diskusije o postojećem kriterijumu za razdvajanje koncepata građanskog i participativnog novinarstva, vrši se sistematizacija pojmova participativnog, građanskog i umreženog novinarstva primenom bazičnog modela komunikacionog procesa. Na osnovu teorijske rasprave i ponuđene sistematizacije, participativno novinarstvo se nudi kao ujedinjujući pojam kojim se najbolje može obuhvatiti savremena transformacija novinarstva kao sistema

Novinarstvo i medijska industrija u Srbiji - izazovi za nacionalne komercijalne medije

The current media environment is uncertain: industry which is facing economic crisis and decline of advertising revenues, is urgently looking for new business models and innovative ways for attracting dispersing audiences. The aim of this article is to examine the strategies of media companies in Serbia to adapt to both technological and economic challenges in the industry. For that purpose five indicators of media adaptation were established and tested using qualitative method of in depth interviews. Interviews were done with owners or directors of media companies, because they are the actors that predetermine the course, pace and scope of media adaptation. The result of the research is the typology of media companies according to the established indicators. In this article the category of technological leaders is thoroughly analyzed and discussed. Those are seven national commercial media outlets that have good technological basis, adequate professional resources, especially multi skill and multi task journalists, foster network journalism and their owners share attitude that the role of the state in the media sector should be diminished. But, although this group of seven is coherent according to four indicators, they are differentiated by the fifth - economic position. Only two print media companies make profit, while other five only bear to survive on the market. The discussion part of the article offers the explanation for different economic positions of media outlets that otherwise share common characteristics, situated in specific socio-economic conditions of the Serbian media market interlocked with problems of transition. In the final part, based on the owners/directors business plans for the future, the main elements of scenarios for further media development are presented.Cilj ovog rada je da preispita sposobnost komercijalnih nacionalnih medija u Srbiji da inoviraju procese produkcije i plasmana proizvoda, prestrukturiraju redakcije i pronađu nove modele finansiranja u skladu sa globalnim tehnološkim i lokalnim ekonomskim izazovima. U tu svrhu uspostavljeno je pet indikatora medijske adaptacije, koji su proveravani na osnovu empirijske građe prikupljene dubinskim intervjuima sa vlasnicima ili direktorima medijskih preduzeća. Rezultati pokazuju da u sedam medija, iz uzorka za celokupno istraživanje, nivo tehnološke opremljenosti odgovara zahtevima tržišta i publike, a broj i struktura zaposlenih optimalni su u odnosu na potrebe poslovanja. Međutim, samo dve kompanije su ujedno i ekonomski stabilna i održiva preduzeća koja ostvaruju zaradu. Ekonomski položaj preostalih pet medija može se opisati kao preživljavanje. Razlog za takvu situaciju je svetska ekonomska kriza koja ima svoje specifične oblike u zavisnosti od tipa medija, ali je usko povezana sa karakteristikama medijskog sistema u Srbiji koji još nije postigao nivo čisto tržišnog funkcionisanja

The future of journalism as a system, profession and culture: The perception of journalism students

Currently, there is clear need for traditional journalism to redefine itself. The intention of this article is to portray the voices of future journalists in this quest. Therefore, Belgrade University journalism students were assigned to write down their contemplations about the journalism of tomorrow in essayistic form. In order to systematize their narratives, three theoretical understandings of journalism are introduced based on a literature review: journalism as a societal system, profession and culture. The essays were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative content and critical discourse analyses. The students' anticipated changes in journalism understood as a system, profession and culture are discussed, with a special focus on language, in order to deconstruct how students evaluate the future of journalism. Furthermore, the article shows how students perceive their role in redefining journalism

Dvosmerni simetrični odnosi s javnošću i digitalne komunikacione tehnologije - između teorije i prakse

This article discusses how PR profession adapts to the new communication technologies, namely the potential of social media for establishing reciprocal relations between clients and publics. Methodologically based on a literature review, article aims to answer the research question: whether and to what extent the digital communication platforms are used for realization of the normative ideal - the two-way symmetrical model? Two-way symmetrical PR is equivalent to the strategic management function, which is defined as managing communication with publics in order to build long term relationships with stakeholders that may affect the organization or are most affected by the organization. The public relations help the organization to establish dialog with its stakeholders in order to accomplish the organization's mission and to behave in a socially responsible manner. This article concludes that the capacity of digital media for realization of the two-way symmetrical relationships between organizations and publics is underutilized. Therefore, strategic management function can be still considered as highly normative PR model, despite the numerous studies that show its excellence. Inertia is rooted within the organizational structures as well as prevalent behavioral patterns of PR professionals.Ovaj rad ima cilj da predstavi prilagođavanje PR profesije novim komunikacionim tehnologijama, pre svega potencijalu društvenih medija za uspostavljanje recipročnih relacija između klijenata i javnosti. Metodološki je rad zasnovan na pregledu literature koji je usmeren istraživačkim pitanjem: da li je i u kojoj meri usvajanje novih komunikacionih plaformi dovelo do ostvarivanja svojevrsnog normativnog ideala PR profesije - dvosmernih simetričnih odnosa s javnošću? Dvosmerni simetrični PR je ekvivalentan strateško-upravljačkoj funkciji koja se definiše kao upravljanje komunikacijom s javnostima radi izgradnje odnosa sa interesnim grupama koje mogu uticati na organizaciju ili na koje organizaciono ponašanje ima najviše efekata. Teži se uspostavljanju dugoročne saradnje između menadžmenta i javnosti kroz dijalošku komunikaciju, radi predupređivanja sukoba i rešavanja problema u korist obe strane. Zaključak je ovog rada da se kapacitet digitalnih medija za ostvarivanje dvosmernih i simetričnih odnosa između organizacija i javnosti posredstvom PR službi nedovoljno koristi. Odnosno, da se strateško upravljanje odnosima s javnošću još uvek može smatrati visoko normativnim modelom koji nije potpuno zaživeo u praksi, uprkos studijama koje govore o njegovoj izuzetnosti. Inercija protiv promene postojećeg stanja se pronalazi u domenu organizacija i unutar uobičajenih ponašanja unutar zajednice PR profesionalaca

Multifunctional Public Open Spaces for Sustainable Cities: Concept and Application

The idea that multifunctional open spaces support sustainable urban development has been widely accepted in theory and intensively used in practice of urban planning and design. It is based on the assumption that multifunctional spaces bring a wider spectrum of environmental, social and economic benefits to urban areas. And yet, multifunctionality of space is still a vague and diffuse concept that needs further clarifications. Besides that, different academic disciplines understand and use this concept in different ways. This makes the application of the concept difficult to assess and manage in relation to different aspects of urban sustainability. Through the literature review, this paper analyses and compares how the concept of multifunctionality is used in various spatial disciplines (urban planning and design, landscape architecture) in order to better understand and relate its different dimensions, applications and expected benefits for sustainable development. Based on this, a new, relational and multidimensional conceptualisation of the multifunctionality of public open spaces is proposed for analysis and assessment of urban design solutions. It is further applied and discussed in relation to students projects from “Ecological urban design studio” from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture, as visions for development of multifunctional public open spaces in modernist mass housing area of “Sava Blocks” in New Belgrade, Serbia.Ideja da je mutlifunkcionalnost otvorenih prostora važna za urbanu održivost se sve vise naglašava u teoriji i sve češće primenjuje u praksi urbanog planiranja i dizajna. Pretpostavlja se da multifunkcionalni prostori mogu da pruže širi spektar ekoloških, društvenih i ekonomskih koristi. Međutim, sam concept multifunkcionalnosti nije dovoljno teoretski elaboriran. Dodatno, različite akademske discipline konceptualizuju i koriste ovaj concept na različite načine. Usled toga je otežana procena kako multifunkcionalni otvoreni prostori stvarno doprinose održivom urbanom razvoju i kako ih razvijati sa tim ciljem. Ovim radom se, na osnovu pregleda literature, analiziraju i porede načini konceptualizacije i primene koncepta multifunkcionalnosti prostora u različitim displinama prostornog razvoja ( urbanističko planiranje i dizajn, pejzažno planiranje i arhitektura) kako bi se razumele i uspostavile veze između različitih dimenzija multifunkcionalnosti i očekivanih koristiod primene koncepta za održivi urbani razvoj. Na tim osnovama se definiše nova relacijska i multidimenzionalna konceptualizacija (multi)funkcionalnosti javnih otvorenih prostora kao analitički okvir za vrednovanje doprinosa projekata urbanog dizajna održivom razvoju. Primena novog analitičkog okvira se demonstrira i diskutuje na primeru studentskih projekata sa studija “Ekološki urbani dizajn” sa Univerziteta u Beogradu- Arhitektonskog fakultet, kao vizija razvoja multifunkcionalnih javnih otvorenih prostora modernističkog kompleksa “Savskih blokova” u Novom Beogradu u Srbiji

A critical analysis of two audience prototypes and their participatory dimensions

This article discusses how the concept of audience theory has been developed within two basic intellectual traditions, resulting in two basic prototypes. On one side, there is the trajectory of the 'mass audience' that was created and developed parallel with the emergence of the media of mass communication. The mass audience is regarded as a multilayer collectivity, residing at the end of a successive linear communication process - sender, channel, message, receiver and effects. In this one-way communication model, the audience is primarily the receiving structure, with little or no opportunity for feedback and participation in the communication process. The other prototype is linked to the development of new digital media and the internet; here the public is theoretically considered as 'cross media' and active. The audience of new media is seen as a heterogeneous and structural collective in the communication model that characterizes the flow of information 'many to many'. This prototype attributes to the new, active audiences or users unlimited power to participate and shape the communication processes. We discuss features of the two prototypes, including media usage, media access, information resources, time engagement and functions derived from media use. The most important feature we take up, however, is participation. We point out the problems and limitations of both prototypes in this regard. On the one hand the study of audiences has long been rooted in the concept of mass audience and limited with its primal orientation towards the effects of mass communication, while on the other hand, the emerging prototype 2 is all too easily granted participatory capacities, especially concerning the public sphere. Therefore, the theorists of new and old media must step outside the prevailing postulates and consider the audience beyond the two prevailing prototypes in order to further deepen our knowledge and understanding of contemporary audiences and their participation

Media Framing of the Refugee Crisis at the Periphery of Europe

The recent European refugee crisis, which began in 2015, has generated academic interest in how media portray and frame migrations and refugees, specifically in their influence on how “We” perceive and accept “Them” in “Our” societies. However, research primarily focuses on EU member states and destination/receiving countries. Therefore, our study examines media framing of the refugee crisis in Serbia between 2015 and 2016. Building on frames previously identified in the Western context, we pre-defined three frames: viewing the refugee crisis as a problem for the political system, society, or refugees. These frames were coded as external/internal based on whether the media text discussed the crisis outside/inside Serbia. Our deductive análisis shows that framing differs from destination countries, with a minimal emphasis on social problems in Serbia. Political issues and challenges faced by refugees were dominant but externalized, showing a slight decline over time compared to the social problem frame, which followed real events. Furthermore, our inductive thematic analysis reveals a new way of framing refugees as a problema for the free movement of our citizens. It also reveals a meta-frame of “Us” (in Serbia) as acting in a humanitarian manner amid hard circumstances created by “Them” (Western politicians) who are not handling the crisis in line with the EU values

Sloboda novinarstva u Srbiji pod pritiskom politike i novca

The aim of this paper is to examine the level of achieved freedom of the media in Serbia, as well as the willingness of the journalistic community to resist external pressures and provide an answer to their basic professional mission with objectivity, timeliness, comprehensiveness and truthful reporting. Observation of the current professional developments is done through the type of media system that is characteristic of all post-communist countries. The answer to the question of whether after two decades of transition in Serbia there is an appropriate socio-political climate for achieving the ideals of journalism as defined by normative standards, will be sought through the operationalization of three sets of key indicators. The effects of political and economic pressures on the media, market conditions, as well as relevant standards within the professional community are considered through the use of structuralistic argumentation. With regards to the methodology, the work is based on secondary analysis of quantitative data obtained in the survey of journalists/editors and owners/managers, as well as, qualitative analysis of statements from four focus groups. Comparing the results of this study with the relevant indicators that measure press freedom, we can conclude that journalism has not reached the potential to guard democracy in Serbia. The current situation results in a politicized media system, the parallelism of political and economic pressures on the media, the dominance of sensationalism and tabloidization trend, and the journalistic profession without a clearly defined identity.Cilj ovog rada je da preispita nivo dostignutih sloboda za rad medija u Srbiji, kao i spremnost novinarske zajednice da se odupre spoljnim pritiscima i odgovori na osnovnu profesionalnu misiju objektivnim, pravovremenim, potpunim i istinitim izveštavanjem. Aktuelna profesionalna zbivanja neophodno je posmatrati kroz tip medijskog sistema koji je karakterističan za sve postkomunističke zemlje. Odgovor na pitanje da li nakon dvodecenijske tranzicije u Srbiji postoji adekvatna društveno-politička klima za ostvarenje ideala novinarstva definisanog normativnim zahtevima, potražićemo operacionalizacijom tri seta ključnih indikatora. Dejstvo političkih i ekonomskih pritisaka na rad medija, uslovi tržišta, kao i važeći standardi unutar profesionalne zajednice razmatraju se upotrebom strukturalističke argumentacije. Metodološki, rad je baziran na sekundarnoj analizi kvantitativnih podataka dobijenih anketiranjem novinara/urednika i vlasnika/menadžera, kao i kvalitativnom obradom izjava iz četiri fokus grupe. Komparirajući rezultate ovog istraživanja sa relevantnim indeksima koji mere slobodu medija, možemo zaključiti da se novinarstvo još uvek ne može smatrati 'doraslim' čuvarom demokratije u Srbiji. Ovakvo stanje uzrokuje politizovan medijski sistem, paralelizam političkih i ekonomskih pritisaka na rad medija, dominacija senzacionalizma i trend tabloidizacije, kao i činjenica da je novinarska profesija bez jasno određenog identiteta

Evropske teme iz perspektive novinara lokalnih medija u Srbiji

The media play an important role in informing citizens about the process of EU integration. However recent research in the field shows that Serbian media coverage is mainly oriented towards protocol news and political process in highly positive tone. The aim of this paper is to highlight the picture of the EU represented by local media, since previous studies focused on national media content analyses. For this purpose survey with journalists from 41 local media outlets in different parts of Serbia has been done. Main research findings show that local media reporting is in line with mainstream national coverage. Journalists mostly rely on local governments and state institutions as sources of information. Stories are initiated by actual events and press conferences. Accordingly, political and economic topics prevail, while citizens and their everyday life remain on the margins of local media coverage. .Mediji imaju važnu ulogu u informisanju građana o procesu evropskih integracija, ali istraživanja rađena poslednjih godina pokazuju da mediji u Srbiji samo deklarativno, nekritički i protokolarno pristupaju evropskim temama. Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže kakvu sliku Evropske unije predstavljaju lokalni mediji, pošto su prethodnim analizama obuhvaćeni sadržaji nacionalnih medija. Način izveštavanja lokalnih medija o evropskim temama razmatra se na osnovu analize stavova novinara dobijenih anketom koja je sprovedena u 41 lokalnom mediju iz različitih krajeva Srbije. Glavni rezultati pokazuju da tretman evropskih tema u lokalnim medijima ne odstupa od dominantnog nacionalnog izveštavanja. Novinari kao izvore informacija najviše koriste organe lokalnih vlasti i državne institucije, a najčešći povod za izveštavanje su aktuelni i pseudo događaji. U skladu sa tim, preovlađuju dnevno-političke i ekonomske teme, a obični građani i njihov život ostaju van fokusa novinara lokalnih medija.