General characteristics of the participants of the second stage.

<p>The data is presented as mean (SD). BMI = body mass index. HR = heart rate.</p><p>General characteristics of the participants of the second stage.</p

Comparison between the results of cardiorespiratory variables and RPE at the end of the test, obtained in SWT and CEPT.

<p>The data is presented as mean (SD). *<i>P</i><0.05. SWT = Shuttle Walking Test; CEPT = cardiopulmonary exercise testing; VO₂ = oxygen uptake; R = respiratory exchange ratio; HR = heart rate; RPE = rating of perceived exertion. ^†Paired-t test; ^¥Wilcoxon test.</p><p>Comparison between the results of cardiorespiratory variables and RPE at the end of the test, obtained in SWT and CEPT.</p

Agreement between VO2 peak and R peak obtained in the SWT and CEPT.

<p>Bland-Altman plot of the difference between the VO₂ peak of the SWT and CEPT plotted against the mean VO₂ peak of the SWT and CEPT (A) and difference R peak of the SWT and CEPT plotted against the mean R peak of the SWT and CEPT (B). SWT = Shuttle Walking Test; CEPT = cardiopulmonary exercise testing; VO₂ = oxygen uptake; R = respiratory exchange ratio.</p

Plasma levels of soluble receptors of TNF (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) and chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES, IL-8, IP-10 and MIG) in normal-weight and overweight/obese infants.

<p>A-G: n = 25 in each group. Values are expressed in log as mean±SEM.</p

Redox status in normal-weight and overweight/obese infants.

<p>A-D: n = 18 in each group. Values are expressed in log as mean±SEM. *Differences were considered to be significant at p <0.05.</p

Sample characterization.

<p>Sample characterization.</p

Effects of the inspiratory muscle training and aerobic training on respiratory and functional parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, redox status and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Evaluate and compare the isolated and combined effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) and Aerobic Training (AT) on respiratory and functional parameters, inflamatory biomarkers, redox status and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hemodialysis patients.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A randomised controlled trial with factorial allocation and intention-to-treat analysis was performed in hemodialysis patients. Volunteers were randomly assigned to performe 8-weeks of IMT at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), low intensity AT or combined training (CT). Before the interventions, all the volunteers went 8-weeks through a control period (without training). Measures are taken at baseline, 8-week (after control period) and 16-week (after the interventions). Primary outcomes were functional capacity (incremental shuttle walk test), MIP and lower limbs strength (Sit-to-Stand test of 30 seconds). Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and 2 (sTNFR2), adiponectin, resistin and leptin, redox status parameters and HRQoL (KDQOL-SF questionnaire) were the scondary outcomes. Data analyses were performed by <i>two-</i>way <i>repeated measurements ANOVA</i>.</p><p>Results</p><p>37 hemodialysis patients aged 48.2 years old (IC95% 43.2–54.7) were randomized. Increase of MIP, functional capacity, lower limbs strength and resistin levels, and reduction of sTNFR2 levels in 16-week, compared to baseline and 8-week, were observed in all the groups (p<0.001). IMT improved functional capacity, MIP and lower limbs strength in 96.7m (IC95% 5.6–189.9), 34.5cmH₂O (IC95% 22.4–46.7) and 2.2repetitions (IC95% 1.1–3.2) respectively. Increase in resistin leves and reduction in sTNFR2 leves after IMT was 0.8ng/dL (IC95% 0.5–1.1) and 0.8ng/dL (IC95% 0.3–1.3), respectively, without between-group differences. Compared to baseline and 8-week, adiponectin levels (p<0.001) and fatigue domain of the HRQoL (p<0.05) increased in 16-week only in CT.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>IMT, AT and CT improved functional parameters and modulated inflammatory biomarkers, in addition, IMT provoked a similar response to low intensity AT in hemodialysis patients.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios clínicos RBR-4hv9rs.</p></div

Effects of the interventions on plasma adipokines levels.

<p>A: plasma adiponectin levels; B: plasma resistin levels; C: plasma leptin levels; IMT: inspiratory muscle training group; AT: aerobic training group; CT: combined training group; ES: effect size; ■ Baseline; 8-week; 16-week. Baseline to 8-week: control period; 8-week to 16-week: intervention period. a: p<0.05 to baseline; b: p<0.05 to 8-week.</p

Effects of the interventions on plasma sTNFR1, sTNFR2 and IL-6 levels.

<p>A: plasma sTNFR1 levels; B: plasma sTNFR2 levels; C: plasma IL-6 levels; sTNFR1 and 2: soluble receptors 1 and 2, respectively, of the tumor necrosis alpha factor; IL-6: interleukin 6; IMT: inspiratory muscle training group; AT: aerobic training group; CT: combined training group; ES: effect size; ■ Baseline; 8-week; 16-week. Baseline to 8-week: control period; 8-week to 16-week: intervention period. a: p<0.05 to baseline; b: p<0.05 to 8-week.</p

Flow chart.

<p>IMT: inspiratory muscle training; AT: aerobic training; CT: combined training.</p