Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and urine IL-6 4 and 24 hours after 5 different doses of intraperitoneal endotoxin.

<p>(A) Urine NGAL, and (B) urine IL-6 were measured 4 and 24 hours (hr) after intraperitoneal saline injection (V, vehicle) or intraperitoneal injection of 5 different doses of endotoxin: 1 (0.00001 mg), 2 (0.0001 mg), 3 (0.001 mg), 4 (0.01 mg), and 5 (0.25 mg); n = 4–14. *P<0.05 versus V (saline) at the same time point.</p

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 4 and 24 hours after 5 different doses of intraperitoneal endotoxin.

<p>GFR, by FITC-labeled inulin clearance, was determined 4 and 24 hours (hr) after intraperitoneal saline injection (V, vehicle] or intraperitoneal injection of 5 different doses of endotoxin: 1 (0.00001 mg), 2 (0.0001 mg), 3 (0.001 mg), 4 (0.01 mg), and 5 (0.25 mg); n = 4–14. *P<0.05 versus V (saline) at the same time point.</p

Serum cytokines 4 and 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

<p>Serum (A) IL-6, (B) CXCL-1, (C) TNF-α, (D) IL-1β, and (E) IL-10 were measured 4 and 24 hours (hr) after sham operation (Sham) and CLP; n = 5–10. P values are versus Sham at the same time point.</p

Lung MPO activity, serum creatinine, BUN, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and urine IL-6 BUN 4 and 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).

<p>(A) Lung MPO activity, (B) Serum creatinine, (C) BUN, (D) GFR, (E) urine NGAL, and (F) urine IL-6 were determined 4 and 24 hours (hr) after sham operation (Sham) and CLP; n = 5–10. P values are versus Sham at the same time point.</p

Serum cytokines 4 and 24 hours after 5 different doses of intraperitoneal endotoxin.

<p>Serum (A) IL-6, (B) CXCL-1, (C) TNF-α, (D) IL-1β, and (E) IL-10 were measured 4 and 24 hours after intraperitoneal saline injection (V, vehicle) or intraperitoneal injection of 5 different doses of endotoxin: 1 (0.00001 mg), 2 (0.0001 mg), 3 (0.001 mg), 4 (0.01 mg), and 5 (0.25 mg); n = 4–14. *P<0.05 versus V (saline) at the same time point.</p

Serum cytokines, lung MPO activity, serum creatinine, and BUN in mice treated with anti-TNF-α therapy 2 hours after intraperitoneal (IP) endotoxin administration.

<p>Serum (A) IL-6, (B) CXCL1, (C) TNF-α, (D) IL-1β, (E) IL-10, and (F) lung MPO activity, and (G) serum creatinine, and (H) BUN were determined 4 hours after IP endotoxin in mice treated with anti-TNF-α antibody (Anti-TNF-α) or control 2 hours after endotoxin administration; n = 5. The serum proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-1β, serum IL-10, lung MPO activity, creatinine, and BUN were not affected by post-treatment with anti-TNF-α antibody.</p

Serum cytokines, lung MPO activity, serum creatinine, and BUN in mice treated with anti-TNF-α therapy 2 hours before intraperitoneal (IP) endotoxin administration.

<p>Serum (A) IL-6, (B) CXCL1, (C) TNF-α, (D) IL-1β, (E) IL-10, and (F) lung MPO activity, and (G) serum creatinine, and (H) BUN were determined 4 hours after IP endotoxin in mice treated with anti-TNF-α antibody (Anti-TNF-α) or control 2 hours before endotoxin administration; n = 4–5. The serum proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-1β, lung MPO activity and BUN were all reduced by pre-treatment with anti-TNF-α antibody.</p

Lung MPO activity, serum creatinine, and BUN 4 hours after 5 different doses of intraperitoneal endotoxin.

<p>(A) Lung MPO activity, (B) serum creatinine, and (C) BUN were measured 4 and 24 hours (hr) after intraperitoneal saline injection (V, vehicle) or intraperitoneal injection of 5 different doses of endotoxin: 1 (0.00001 mg), 2 (0.0001 mg), 3 (0.001 mg), 4 (0.01 mg), and 5 (0.25 mg); n = 4–14. *P<0.05 versus V (saline) at the same time point.</p

Performance of urine NGAL and urine IL-6 to reflect changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after intraperitoneal endotoxin injection.

<p>Mean GFR were correlated with mean urine NGAL and mean urine IL-6 values at 4 hours only, 24 hours only, and combined values for 4 and 24 hours. (A) Urine IL-6, and (B) urine NGAL correlated well with GFR at 4 hours post endotoxin injection. (C) Urine NGAL and (D) urine IL-6 did not correlate with GFR at 24 hours post endotoxin injection. (E) Urine NGAL and (F) urine IL-6 performed poorly overall as markers of GFR when the 4 and 24 hours values were combined.</p

Cumulative incidence rates of CKD over 5 years in each serum sodium level in 2004.

<p>Higher serum sodium in 2004 reflected higher cumulative incidence rates of CKD over 5 years.</p