Minocycline and sulforaphane inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated retinal microglial activation

PURPOSE: To elucidate the inhibitory effect of minocycline and sulforaphane on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced retinal microglial activation and the mechanisms through which they exerted their inhibitory effects. METHODS: Primary retinal microglial cultures were exposed to LPS with or without minocycline and sulforaphane. The mRNA expression of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, eotaxin, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) protein, and interleukin (IL)-10 were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) production were examined by RT-PCR assay and Griess reagent assay. Protein expression of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and p-p38, p-p44/42 and p-JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis. RESULTS: Cultured retinal microglial cells were activated following exposure to LPS. The mRNA expression and protein production of eotaxin, RANTES, and IL-10 and the mRNA expression of iNOS and subsequent NO production were upregulated. The protein expression of p-p38, p-JNK, and the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B were also upregulated. However, the protein expression of p-p44/42 was not significantly changed. Pretreatment with minocycline or sulforaphane for 1 h before LPS administration inhibited LPS-induced microglial morphological change and inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of p-p38, but had no effect on the expression of p-p44/42, p-JNK, and the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. CONCLUSIONS: Minocycline and sulforaphane inhibited LPS-induced retinal microglial activation, Western blot and immunofluorescent studies showed decreased p-p38 MAPK expression. We suggested that the inhibitory effect of minocycline and sulforaphane was partly through a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism.Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyOphthalmologySCI(E)PubMed18ARTICLE117-181083-10931

2-[(4-Bromo­phenyl­imino)­meth­yl]-4,6-di­iodo­phenol

The title compound, C13H8BrI2NO, was prepared by the reaction of 3,5-diiodo­salicyl­aldehyde with 4-bromo­phenyl­amine in ethanol. There is an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond in the mol­ecule, which generates an S(6) ring. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 2.6 (3)°

2-[(2-Chloro­phen­yl)imino­meth­yl]-4,6-di­iodo­phenol

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H8ClI2NO, contains half of the mol­ecule situated on a mirror plane. The hy­droxy group is involved in the formation of an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. π–π inter­actions between the benzene rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.629 (3) Å] form stacks along the b axis. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions are observed

Outage performance of cognitive hybrid satellite terrestrial networks with interference constraint

This paper investigates the performance of a cognitive hybrid satellite–terrestrial network, where the primary satellite communication network and the secondary terrestrial mobile network coexist, provided that the interference temperature constraint is satisfied. By using the Meijer-G functions, the exact closed-form expression of the outage probability (OP) for the secondary network is first derived. Then, the asymptotic result in a high-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime is presented to reveal the diversity order and coding gain of the considered system. Finally, computer simulations are carried out to confirm the theoretical results and reveal that a more loose interference constraint or heavier shadowing severity of a satellite interference link leads to a reduced OP, whereas stronger satellite interference power poses a detrimental effect on the outage performance

2-[4-(4-Methoxy­phen­yl)-5-(2-pyrid­yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]phenol

In the title compound, C20H16N4O2, the benzene rings of the 2-hydroxy­phenyl and 4-methoxy­lphenyl groups form dihedral angles of 64.02 (8) and 77.39 (7)°, respectively, with the mean plane of the triazole ring. The dihedral angle between the triazole ring mean plane and the pyridyl ring is 9.61 (8)°. In the crystal, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into zigzag chains propagating in [010]

Intranasal Immunization with Chitosan/pCAGGS-flaA Nanoparticles Inhibits Campylobacter jejuni in a White Leghorn Model

Campylobacter jejuni is the most common zoonotic bacterium associated with human diarrhea, and chickens are considered to be one of the most important sources for human infection, with no effective prophylactic treatment available. We describe here a prophylactic strategy using chitosan-DNA intranasal immunization to induce specific immune responses. The chitosan used for intranasal administration is a natural mucus absorption enhancer, which results in transgenic DNA expression in chicken nasopharynx. Chickens immunized with chitosan-DNA nanoparticles, which carried a gene for the major structural protein FlaA, produced significantly increased levels of serum anti-Campylobacter jejuni IgG and intestinal mucosal antibody (IgA), compared to those treated with chitosan-DNA (pCAGGS). Chitosan-pCAGGS-flaA intranasal immunization induced reductions of bacterial expellation by 2-3 log10 and 2 log10 in large intestine and cecum of chickens, respectively, when administered with the isolated C. jejuni strain. This study demonstrated that intranasal delivery of chitosan-DNA vaccine successfully induced effective immune response and might be a promising vaccine candidate against C. jejuni infection

[(NHC)CrCl(mu-Cl)(THF)](2) and (NHC)(2)CrCl2 (NHC=1,3-Diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazole-2-ylidene): Syntheses, Structures, and Polymerization Activities

The preparation of divalent chromium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC, 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazole-2-ylidene) compounds is reported. The reaction of 1:1 molar ratio of NHC with CrCl2 led to an isolation of [(NHC)CrCl(mu-Cl)(THF)](2) (1), while that of 2:1 ratio resulted in the formation of (NHC)(2)CrCl2 (2). 1 can be considered as an intermediate in the formation of 2 and further converted into 2 by the addition of another equiv. of NHC. The reaction of 2 with CpNa afforded an ion pair compound [(NHC)(2)CrCp](+)[Cp](-) (3), indicating a strong coordination ability of NHC supplanting one of the ionic Cr-Cp bonding. In combination of methylalumoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst 1 and 2 both are active for catalyzing ethylene polymerization.National Natural Science Foundation of China [20842006]; Research Fund for New Teacher of Higher Education ; Initiation Research Fund for Returned Overseas Researchers ; Chinese Education Ministr