Cellular, subcellular, and molecular elements of cerebral malaria pathogenesis

A complex network of elements is responsible for cerebral malaria (CM) development, but interactions between these elements are still being explored. Annually, there are 212 million cases of malaria with 1-2% progressing to CM. Plasma microvesicles (MV) are increased in patients and mice with CM and blocking their release protects against CM. The miRNA content of circulating plasma MV and brain tissue during murine CM and non-CM was assessed using microarray and RT-qPCR techniques. Following infection, MV and brain miRNA were altered in CM mice, coinciding with neurological syndrome onset. Particularly, miR-146a and miR-193b were dysregulated in plasma MV from CM mice and play roles in apoptosis, cytokine regulation and inflammatory cell recruitment. Several other miRNA were dysregulated in the brains of CM mice and play roles in TGF- signalling, endocytosis, FoxO signalling and adherens junctions. Using confocal microscopy, we investigated monocyte, platelet, T cell, parasite and ICAM-1-positive cell accumulation in CM brains. These cells accumulate at vessel branch points, associated with haemorrhaging and the development of tissue hypoxia, consistent with previous findings. As monocytes were the most numerous cells in the brains of CM mice, we targeted them therapeutically. Treatment in vivo with immuno-modulatory particles and artesunate resulted in 88% protection when administered at CM onset, while monotherapies resulted in greatly reduced protection. All successfully treated mice displayed reduced clinical signs of CM and monocyte and MV numbers, and were immune to reinfection. This thesis reinforces existing findings regarding CM pathogenesis and highlights several novel candidates as players in CM development. We explore the potential of miRNA as biomarkers of the neurological syndrome. We show that monocytes displaying a Ly6Clo phenotype aggravate CM development and that therapy targeting this cell subset is a novel strategy to abrogate late-stage CM

Service-Learning and Literacy: A Brief Introduction for America Reads Programs

As a regular feature of The TUTOR, we will be exploring service-learning principles and practices as they apply to America Reads programs. The following is a brief introduction to service-learning. The Corporation for National Service has published a small, powerful, purple pamphlet, Principles and Key Components of High Quality America Reads National Service Program Initiatives. This 8-page purple pamphlet packs an extraordinary amount of valuable program guidance into a small space. Two of the pamphlet\u27s seven Principles describe service-learning and its centrality to effective literacy programs..

The Family, the Market, and ADR

This Article proceeds in three Parts. I begin by briefly summarizing what I will refer to as separate spheres ideology-the idea that our normative understandings of the family and the market are constructed in contradistinction to one another. I then show how this conceptual distinction between the family and the market shaped the development of alternative dispute processing during two periods of time. The first period, which I introduce to frame the second, examines how dispute processing reformers-beginning during the Progressive era and continuing to the 1930s-distinguished alternative forums for family disputes from alternative forums for commercial ones. In Part II, examine how ADR scholars and practitioners in the 1970s and 1980s promoted analogous ideologies and techniques for both family and market disputes, most commonly through the procedural techniques of mediation. In this sense, I conclude, modern ADR coincides with the development of popular theories of societal self-regulation that weave together economic self-interest with more open-ended ideas of interdependence, affect, altruism, social capital, and trust. This Article thus aims to shift and broaden our debate: rather than continue to ask whether ADR undermines public governance (or the rule of law), this Article instead invites readers critically to consider the politics and potential distributional effects of contemporary private ordering regimes that aspire to integrate efficiency and relationality, individualism and altruism, economics and intimacy, the market and the family

When Does a Work Infringe the Derivative Works Right of a Copyright Owner?

Consider the following fact situation: A, an artist, designs art work and registers the copyright in that art work. A then licenses P to publish note cards using the art work. The note cards are published by P and distributed to retail card stores. T purchases several hundred cards and then takes each card, glues it carefully to a ceramic tile, and sells the tiles for a profit as tile art that purchasers can use to decorate walls, counters, even floors. If A now sues T for copyright infringement, how should the court rule? Has T infringed A\u27s copyright? In addressing cases involving facts much like these, the courts have split. In Mirage Editions v. Albuquerque A.R T. Co., the Ninth Circuit ruled that the creator of the tile art had infringed the artist\u27s exclusive right to prepare derivative works based upon her copyrighted art work. That decision has been followed by two district courts in the Ninth Circuit in Munoz v. Albuquerque A.R T. Co. and Greenwich Workshop v. Timber Creations. On the other hand, in Lee v. A.RT. Co., the Seventh Circuit ruled in favor of the tile art creator, concluding that the tile art was not an infringing derivative work and that the defendant was entitled to make and sell the tile art without incurring liability to the artist in accordance with the first sale doctrine reflected in section 109(a) of the Copyright Act of 1976 ( 1976 Copyright Act or 1976 Act ). These differing outcomes have implications for copyright law that go far beyond the simple fact pattern involved. In fact, many of the policy assumptions that underlie copyright law are at stake in deciding which of these outcomes is proper. At its core, this fact pattern forces the courts to address the question of just what it means to provide an artist with copyright protection. Is the artist thereby ensured that any meaningful economic exploitation of the copyrighted work is subject to her control, or is copyright protection to be defined more narrowly, and if so, subject to what limitations? What are the limits of the personal property rights of those who purchase material objects that contain works protected by copyright? This Article addresses these questions, using the tile art scenario as the focal point. Part I describes generally the goals of copyright law and the historical development of the copyright owner\u27s right to control the creation of so-called derivative works. Part II focuses on the Mirage and Lee decisions and the reasoning used by these courts to reach their different outcomes. Part III critiques both of these decisions and places them in the context of other pertinent case law and commentary. Part IV provides an alternative approach to analyzing these issues

Copyright Law and the Myth of Objectivity: The Idea-Expression Dichotomy and the Inevitability of Artistic Value Judgments

ThIs Article focuses on the problem of how artistic values affect determinatlons of copyright management. It discusses how the copyright statutes embody a congressional desire to have determinations of eligibility for copyright made without regard for the artistic value of the work at issue. This Article also explores the dangers that Justice Holmes and those who have followed hIs lead saw in using assessments of artIstic value to make copyright decIsIons. It also discusses how assessments of artistic value influence copyright infrIngement determInations, specifically through the application of the idea-expression dichotomy, a principle used to determine whether the copyright in a copyrighted work has been infringed