Analysis using national databases reveals a positive association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids with TV watching and diabetes in European females - Fig 2

<p>Partial regression plot (a) showing the association between sedentary behaviour of 11 year old girls and mean PUFA, holding all other predictors in the multiple regression constant (N = 21; <i>P</i>< 0.001). Grey shading indicates confidence bands around the regression line (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173084#pone.0173084.t004" target="_blank">Table 4A</a> for details). Shown in panel (b) is the least-squares regression betweensedentary behaviour of 11 year old girls and mean PUFA, without any other predictors. The regression is highly significant (N = 21; R²_adj = 0.50; <i>P</i> = 0.002).</p

Scatterplot matrix depicting bivariate relationships between all response and independent variables for 25+ years female women across 23 European countries.

<p>For descriptions of variable names and raw data, please see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173084#pone.0173084.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Numbers in the upper diagonal represent Spearman rank correlation coefficients (* P ≤ 0.10; ** P ≤ 0.05; *** significant at Bonferroni-adjusted alpha, i.e. P ≤ 0.1 ÷21 ≈0.005). Lines in lower diagonal panels represent locally weighted smoothers. Histograms of each variable are included in the diagonal.</p

Results of weighted multiple least-squares regression for European women 25 years or older.

<p>Shown are partial coefficients with 90% confidence intervals. The coefficients represent the median value of 999 bootstrapped estimates, and can be interpreted as the amount by which the response variable changes when the given predictor (independent) variable increases by one unit, holding all other predictor variables constant. Bold confidence intervals indicate those that exclude zero. The weighting factor was log(sample size) (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173084#pone.0173084.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). Norway was removed as an outlier.</p

Socioeconomic and environmental variables across Europe.

<p>Socioeconomic and environmental variables across Europe.</p

Prevalence of elevated blood glucose among 25+ yr old females across Europe with mean adult intakes of MUFA and PUFA.

<p>Prevalence of elevated blood glucose among 25+ yr old females across Europe with mean adult intakes of MUFA and PUFA.</p

Results of multiple least-squares regression for 11-year old European girls.

<p>Shown are partial coefficients with 90% confidence intervals (999 permutations). The coefficients can be interpreted as the amount by which the response variable changes when the given predictor (independent) variable increases by one unit, holding all other predictor variables constant. Bold confidence intervals indicate those that exclude zero.</p

Prevalence of sedentary behaviour among 11 yr old girls with mean intakes of MUFA and PUFA in this age group across Europe.

<p>Prevalence of sedentary behaviour among 11 yr old girls with mean intakes of MUFA and PUFA in this age group across Europe.</p

Scatterplot matrix depicting bivariate relationships between all response and independent variables for 11 yr old female children across 21 European countries.

<p>For descriptions of variable names and raw data, please see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173084#pone.0173084.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. Numbers in the upper diagonal represent Spearman rank correlation coefficients (* P ≤ 0.10; ** P ≤ 0.05; *** significant at Bonferroni-adjusted alpha, i.e. P ≤ 0.1 ÷ 21 ≈ 0.005). Lines in lower diagonal panels represent locally weighted smoothers. Histograms of each variable are included in the diagonal.</p

Short Term Exercise Induces PGC-1α, Ameliorates Inflammation and Increases Mitochondrial Membrane Proteins but Fails to Increase Respiratory Enzymes in Aging Diabetic Hearts

<div><p>PGC-1α, a transcriptional coactivator, controls inflammation and mitochondrial gene expression in insulin-sensitive tissues following exercise intervention. However, attributing such effects to PGC-1α is counfounded by exercise-induced fluctuations in blood glucose, insulin or bodyweight in diabetic patients. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of PGC-1α on inflammation and mitochondrial protein expressions in aging <i>db/db</i> mice hearts, independent of changes in glycemic parameters. In 8-month-old <i>db/db</i> mice hearts with diabetes lasting over 22 weeks, short-term, moderate-intensity exercise upregulated PGC-1α without altering body weight or glycemic parameters. Nonetheless, such a regimen lowered both cardiac (macrophage infiltration, iNOS and TNFα) and systemic (circulating chemokines and cytokines) inflammation. Curiously, such an anti-inflammatory effect was also linked to attenuated expression of downstream transcription factors of PGC-1α such as NRF-1 and several respiratory genes. Such mismatch between PGC-1α and its downstream targets was associated with elevated mitochondrial membrane proteins like Tom70 but a concurrent reduction in oxidative phosphorylation protein expressions in exercised <i>db/db</i> hearts. As mitochondrial oxidative stress was predominant in these hearts, in support of our <i>in vivo</i> data, increasing concentrations of H₂O₂ dose-dependently increased PGC-1α expression while inhibiting expression of inflammatory genes and downstream transcription factors in H9c2 cardiomyocytes <i>in vitro</i>. We conclude that short-term exercise-induced oxidative stress may be key in attenuating cardiac inflammatory genes and impairing PGC-1α mediated gene transcription of downstream transcription factors in type 2 diabetic hearts at an advanced age.</p></div

Augmented oxidative stress upregulates PGC-1α and inhibits cardiomyocyte inflammatory gene expression in a dose-dependent fashion.

<p>(a) PGC-1α, IL-6 and TNFα gene expressions in H9c2 cardiomyocytes with or without 200 ng/ml LPS. Data was analyzed with two-way Anova with Bonferroni tests, *P<0.05 versus corresponding +LPS (b) PGC-1α, IL-6 and TNFα gene expressions after transfection with either scrambled siRNA or siRNA targeted against PGC-1α. Data was analyzed with two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni tests, *P<0.05 versus scrambled control; ^#P<0.05 versus scrambled+LPS; ^$P<0.05 corresponding PGC1α control versus PGC1α+LPS. (c) Effect of increasing doses of H₂O₂ on PGC1α, IL-6 and TNFα expressions in the presence or absence of PGC1α knockdown. Experiments were done at least twice in triplicates. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni tests, *P<0.05 versus corresponding 0 µM H₂O₂ with scrambled control; ^#P<0.05 versus 0 µM H₂O₂ with PGC1α knockdown. Abbreviations: PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.</p