Comparison study of topical retinoids adapalene Vs tazarotene in the treatment of Acne Vulgaris.

INTRODUCTION : Acne Vulgaris is an extremely common disease with increased prevalence among adolescents. Although acne is not a life-threatening condition, it can cause substantial morbidity. Acne and resulting scarring can have a psychological impact including lowered self image and selfesteem, social impairment and anger. Even those with minimal acne experience psychological effects and for those people, the psychosocial burden may be the most significant problem with this disease. It has been shown that even clinically mild to moderate acne can be associated with higher rates of depression and suicidal thoughts among adolescents than other chronic and disfiguring skin diseases. In summary, acne is an important condition and appropriate intervention is essential to prevent complications such as acne scarring, psychological impacts and secondary impaired social function. In the last 25 years, numerous topical and systemic drugs have been developed for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The primary lesions of acne are the microcomedones, which are not visible to the naked eye but require special attention with regard to the development of therapeutic strategies. They represent the central precursor lesions that evolve into either non inflammatory comedones or inflammatory macules, papules and pustules. Retinoids are derived from Vitamin A. They were first observed to be extremely effective in curing acne since 1962. Retinoids influence the proliferation and differentiation of cells and therefore reverse the abnormal desquamation by affecting the follicular epithelial turnover. This leads to an expulsion of mature comedones and suppression of microcomedone formation. The change of the microclimate in the pilosebaceous follicle by prevention of hypercornification promotes an inhospitable aerobic environment for P.acnes and is likely to enhance the penetration of other topical drugs. Various in Vitro and in Vivo studies also demonstrated direct antinflammatory activity of topical retinoids. Furthremore, retinoids modulate the expression of the transcription factors, such as AP-1, that regulate genetic expression of growth factors and degradative enzymes involved in inflammatory responses Retinoids are also involved in the induction of apoptosis by a variety of mechanisms either associated with or independent of binding of retinoid receptors. AIM OF THE STUDY : The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of topical adapalene and topical tazarotene in the treatment of acne vulgaris with each other. The agents compared were the following:- 1) 0.1% Adapalene cream, 2) 0.1% Tazarotene Cream. CONCLUSION : * In this study, Acne Vulgaris showed increased prevalence among males. * The increased prevalence was noted in the age group of 15-20 years irrespective of the sex. * In this study, pronounced incidence of acne vulgaris was noted among students. * The precipitating factors noted in this study were more among male patients. * Patients treated with 0.1% adapalene cream showed better response compared to patients treated with 0.1% tazarotone cream. * Among those improved with topical adapalene cream and topical tazarotene cream good response was observed in the age group of 15-20 years. * Nearly 75% of the lesions resolved after 10 weeks of treatment with topical adapalene, where as only 30% of the lesions resolved with topical tazarotene. * The side effects of topical adapalene cream were very minimal and transient the side effects with topical tazarotene were severe and prolonged

HEALTH LITERACY: A PREREQUISITE FOR POPULACE WELFARE

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to know about the significance of health literacy awareness among the public. Health literacy is a strategy to empowerthe control of people over their own health and capacity to inquire about the health information to take decisions regarding the health issues. Peoplemust increase their health literacy with quality and understanding information. The impact of less health literacy rates is errors in medication, inferiorhealth position, increased hospitalizations, and increased cost of health care. The competency to make health decisions in daily life, at work life, inhealth-care system, and in emergency situations will determine the health literacy. The health literacy means the attaining the level of knowledge,individual skills and confidence to arrive decisions to enhance individual and societal health by altering lifestyles and livelihood. Low literacy level hasan impact on the health status of the people by restricting the individual, social and cultural progress thereby impede the progress of health literacy.The health literacy can be regarded as a capacity needed to be familiar with sources of health information and use them by retrieving the information.The accessibility of quality information, its applicability in a required situation, analyzing, understanding, and utilizing of information is necessary fortaking efficient health decisions.Keywords: Health literacy, Empowerment strategy, Health decisions and health care system

PHARMA TOURISM: BUILDING A HEALTHY AND WEALTHY INDIA

ABSTRACTThe objective of the study is to know about the present scenario of pharma tourism in Indian perspective. Pharma or medical tourism, a term thatalso can be used to describe medical outsourcing, is characterized by travel away from one's home region to procure treatment in another. India isrenowned for ancient alternative therapies such as Ayurveda, Yoga and Meditation, and Therapeutic Massage. The Indian medical tourism industryis on its way to become the most preferred destination for medical treatment for people from all around the world. The industry is expected to touchUSD 6 billion by the year 2018, growing at a compounded annual rate of 20% between the years 2014 and 2018. Health care has become one ofIndia's largest sectors - both in terms of revenue and employment. The industry comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing,telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance, and medical equipment. The Indian healthcare industry is growing at a tremendous pace due toits strengthening coverage, services, and increasing expenditure by public as well private players. Health care is the fundamental need for humanity.Medical Tourism in India is one of the best options available to people across the globe to undergo treatment with peace of mind.Keywords: Pharma tourism, Medical treatment, Health care, Hospitals and medical tourists

ONLINE PHARMA RETAIL IS A PROMISING/UNPROMISING AVENUE: AN INDIAN CONTEXT

To consider the prescription of drugs through online retail is an opportunity or not for the end consumers in an Indian context. This paper described thebasic issues and challenges related to online pharma retail in the Indian context through case method. India is among the top six global pharmaceuticalproducers in the world. The Indian vaccines are exported to 150 countries. India produces 40-70% of the World Health Organization (WHO) demandfor Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus and Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine and 90% of measles vaccine. Sustained by the amazing success achieved byconsumer durables industry in the online space, pharma is the next big sector in India to target consumer online. The growth in the industry hascreated a great opportunity for the online model for this business. India has now seen pharma players taking the e-commerce route with an intentionto offer a solution to a number of problems plaguing the retail pharmacy industry. Though online medicines look like a promising trend today, thebusiness is challenged by regulatory issues.Keywords: Online pharmacy, Online pharma retail, Online medicines, E-pharma retailing

PHARMA EXPORT: COMFORTS AND CONFRONTS IN INDIA

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to know the comforts and confronts faced by pharma companies in India. It is of case study approach and presented theIndian pharma export advantages, the Government initiatives toward the export market, problems, the recent US trademark legislation issues, and theopportunities in a nutshell. The predicted growth of Indian pharmaceutical market size is US$100 billion by 2025, because of spending habit of thecustomer on health care and their awareness on health insurance. Indian companies have focused on export prospects in both formal and informalmarkets globally. This approach has made the pharma industry to achieve US$ 45 billion by 2020 and aimed to position as sixth largest market amongthe world. Keeping the high credibility of serving quality products in the complex market, India has gained a strong reputation among the global place.Keywords: Indian pharmaceutical, Pharma export, US trademark legislation, Indian pharma initiatives

THE MORAL CALCULUS OF PHARMA COMPANIES IN INDIA

To comprehend whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) in pharma is more of a corporate hypocrisy where firms and organizations tend tomarginalize their employees and the environment at large. The present study is case based, and an attempt has been made to analyze probable drivingreasons behind the corporate behavior exhibited by pharma industries. CSR is understood differently by different beneficiaries but usually refers toserving the citizens, population of communities, and the larger society in a way that goes beyond what is legally required of a firm. Though numerousprograms and schemes have been launched for their upliftment, it is all an eye wash which is intended for the internal benefit of the organization.Corporate these days, as per the Companies Act should report spend of 2% of their profits as pronounced in the CSR and pharmaceutical companiesare no exemption to it. As per Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013, it is recommended that companies having revenue above Rs. 1,000 crore andprofit more than Rs. 5 crore should report what they spend for CSR. Companies these days often utilize CSR as a brand building exercise, engagementof employees, helping the local community around their firm, or even as a fame generating spot for the themes of the chairman's spouse. Thus, it isobvious that the social responsibility of pharmaceutical business sector is mainly to increase their profit, increase their shareholder activism, andinvestment in the community.Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, Hypocrisy, Pharmaceutical industries, Society and organization

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical profiling of Digera muricata (L.) Mart Leaves

Plants possess an extensive variety of therapeutic compounds that exhibit significant potential for application within the pharmaceutical industry. In order to identify the diverse phytochemical composition present in the plant, range of solvents including alcoholic, aqueous, hexane, petroleum ether and hydroalcoholic were employed these extracts were used and the preliminary qualitative analysis reveals the presence of phytochemicals in higher concentrations in the hydro ethanolic extract compared to other solvent. The powdered plant sample was further investigated for the quantification of phytochemicals which revealed the presence of high total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, saponin content, total tannin content and steroids content of 246.82 ± 17.27 GAE equivalents per gram, 193.18 ± 13.52 milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram, 134.76 ± 9.43 milligrams of saponin equivalents per gram, of 61.80 ± 4.32 milligrams of Tannic acid equivalents per gram and 117.66 ± 8.23 milligrams of Cholesterol equivalents per gram respectively. The present study elucidates the potential for isolating specific compounds possessing economically valuable bioactive properties through the utilization of suitable plants and careful selection of an appropriate solvent for extraction

ELECTROCEUTICALS: AN ALTERNATE BLESSING TO MANKIND

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study is to understand the use of electricity in treating ailments to mankind where they need not swallow the pills or injectintravenously rather have the device implanted which would monitor the nerve impulses, detect if any problems exist, and then supply electricity tothe organs affected to make them function properly. This study is based on the case approach to identify the usefulness of electrical appliances formankind. Each individual is unique and, therefore, electroceutical devices should also have the patient-specific element for smarter use of the implant.This newly emerging field of electroceuticals needs to be understood keeping in mind the body's electrical grid and the language of nerve impulsesto treat varied diseases and disorders affecting the mankind. The study pinpointed that electroceuticals is supplements to traditional treatment.Although much usefulness is found toward using electrical impulses to treat the organ, the devices need to be designed with relatively small wiresand batteries for easier implantation. Each individual is unique and, therefore, electroceutical devices should also have the patient-specific elementfor smarter use of the implant.Keywords: Electroceuticals, Ailments, Electrical appliances, Patient-specific treatment

Phytochemical Screening and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites of Annona Muricata Bark

Screening of phytochemicals is a precious stair in the detection of bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and may lead to novel drug discovery). In present study aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening, fluorescence, and spectroscopic characterization in Annona muricata bark. The qualitative analysis of aqueous, hexane, ethanol, hydro-ethanolic and methanol extracts of Annona muricata bark were investigated. Among the various extracts, the hydro-ethanolic extract of Annona muricata bark contains a higher concentration of phytochemicals than other extracts and is used for subsequent studies. Quantitative analysis revealed that the Annona muricata bark has contain significant amount of phenol, flavonoids, saponin, tannin and alkaloids were present. Histochemical analysis further confirmed the presence of phytochemicals in Annona muricata bark. UV-VIS spectral analysis we can confirm that the presence of tannins and flavonoids. FTIR analysis had confirmed the presence of alcohol, phenol, aromatic, carboxylic acid, and aliphatic amines.  Results of the study concluded that rich source of phytochemicals in Annona muricata bark is responsible for their therapeutic effects. So, it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance and further studies are needed with these plants to evaluate their pharmacological potentials of the bioactive compounds responsible for their bio-activities and other medicinal values

A Survey on Digital Image Restoration

AbstractDigital image restoration is a field of engineering that deals with methods used to recover an original scene from degraded observations. The goal of this article is to introduce digital image restoration to the reader, who is just beginning in this field, and to provide a review and analysis for the reader who may already be familiar in image restoration. The perspective on the topic offered here is to let the readers to know various methods of digital image restoration. It should be noted, however, that digital image restoration is a very broad field, as we will discuss, and thus contains many other triumphant approaches that have been developed from different perspectives, such as optics, astronomy, and medical imaging. In the process of reviewing this topic, we hope to address a number of very significant issues in this field that are not classically discussed in the technical literature