UHPLC chromatograph of EAF.

<p>UHPLC chromatograph of EAF.</p

Shows TBARS, Lipid Hydroperoxide, Conjugated diene and Reduced glutathione content.

<p>Shows TBARS, Lipid Hydroperoxide, Conjugated diene and Reduced glutathione content.</p

Effect of pharmacological interventions on hepatic enzyme activity (A) Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (B) Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (C) Alkaline phosphatase.

<p>a  =  p≤0.05 vs control group; b  =  p≤0.05 vs DMBA group; c  =  p≤0.05 vs I3C group; d  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 100 group.</p

Showing treatment groups, where I3C = Indole 3 carbinol; EAF = Ethyl acetate fraction; DMBA = 7, 12- dimethylbenz(α)anthracene.

<p>Showing treatment groups, where I3C  =  Indole 3 carbinol; EAF  =  Ethyl acetate fraction; DMBA  =  7, 12- dimethylbenz(α)anthracene.</p

Effect of pharmacological interventions on phase II enzymes in liver (A) Glutathione-S-transferase (B) DT-diaphorase (C) γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase.

<p>a  =  p≤0.05 vs control group; b  =  p≤0.05 vs DMBA group; c  =  p≤0.05 vs I3C group; d  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 100 group; e  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 200 group.</p

Effect of pharmacological interventions on phase I enzymes in liver (A) NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (B) NADH cytochrome b5 reductase (C) Cytochrome P420 content (D) Cytochrome b5 content.

<p>a  =  p≤0.05 vs control group; b  =  p≤0.05 vs DMBA group; c  =  p≤0.05 vs I3C group; d  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 100 group; e  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 200 group.</p

Proposed functioning of Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) as hepatoprotective agent by upregulating phase (II) enzymes against 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

<p>Proposed functioning of Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) as hepatoprotective agent by upregulating phase (II) enzymes against 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) induced hepatocarcinogenesis.</p

Percentage of polyphenolic compounds in EAF as detected by UHPLC analysis.

<p>Percentage of polyphenolic compounds in EAF as detected by UHPLC analysis.</p

Effect of pharmacological interventions on anti-oxidative enzymes in liver (A) Catalase (B) Superoxide dismutase (C) Ascorbate peroxidase (D) Glutathione reductase (E) Guiacol peroxidase (F) Lactate dehydrogenase.

<p>a  =  p≤0.05 vs control group; b  =  p≤0.05 vs DMBA group; c  =  p≤0.05 vs I3C group; d  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 100 group; e  =  p≤0.05 vs EAF 200 group.</p

Hepatic Dysfunction Induced by 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(α)anthracene and Its Obviation with Erucin Using Enzymatic and Histological Changes as Indicators

<div><p>The toxicity induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) has been widely delineated by a number of researchers. This potent chemical damages many internal organs including liver, by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species, DNA-adduct formation and affecting the activities of phase I, II, antioxidant and serum enzymes. Glucosinolate hydrolytic products like isothiocyanates (ITCs) are well known for inhibiting the DNA-adduct formation and modulating phase I, II enzymes. Sulforaphane is ITC, currently under phase trials, is readily metabolized and inter-converted into erucin upon ingestion. We isolated erucin from <i>Eruca sativa</i> (Mill.) Thell. evaluated its hepatoprotective role in DMBA induced toxicity in male wistar rats. The rats were subjected to hepatic damage by five day regular intraperitoneal doses of DMBA. At the end of the protocol, the rats were euthanized, their blood was collected and livers were processed. The liver homogenate was analyzed for phase I (NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome P450, cytochrome P420 and cytochrome b5), phase II (DT diaphorase, glutathione-S-transferase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidise, ascorbate peroxidise, glutathione reductase and lactate dehydrogenase). The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, conjugated dienes and reduced glutathione in the liver homogenate was also analyzed. The serum was also analyzed for markers indicating hepatic damage (alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin). Erucin provided significant protection against DMBA induced damage by modulating the phase I, II and antioxidant enzymes. The histological evaluation of liver tissue was also conducted, which showed the hepatoprotective role of erucin.</p></div