Additional file 3: of Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review

Table S3. Data for percentage reduction in cumulative influenza attack rate in the general population, by threshold for triggering intervention. (XLSX 14 kb

Additional file 6: of Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review

Table S6. Data for time to influenza peak. (XLSX 9 kb

Last Week ILI rate prediction for HHS regions 1–5 from influenza seasons 2004–2005 to 2012–2013.

<p>Last Week ILI rate prediction for HHS regions 1–5 from influenza seasons 2004–2005 to 2012–2013.</p

Week 1 ILI rate prediction for HHS regions 6–10 from influenza seasons 2004–2005 to 2012–2013.

<p>Note: 1) Auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA [<i>p</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>q</i>]) method, in which <i>p</i> represents the number of auto-regressive terms, <i>d</i> is the number of non-seasonal differences and <i>q</i> is the number of lagged forecast errors in the prediction equation; 2) 95% prediction intervals were calculated by bootstrapping the model error 5,000 times; and 3) the point estimate and prediction interval were bolded if the observed ILIs rate were not covered by the 95% prediction interval.</p><p>Week 1 ILI rate prediction for HHS regions 6–10 from influenza seasons 2004–2005 to 2012–2013.</p

Boletín de Segovia: Número 53 - 1834 julio 7

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200

Average total number of patient visits (red line, scales on the left-side y-axis) and average total number of ILI visits (blue line, scales on the right-side y-axis) across all HHS regions between 2003–2004 and 2012–2013 influenza seasons.

<p>Average total number of patient visits (red line, scales on the left-side y-axis) and average total number of ILI visits (blue line, scales on the right-side y-axis) across all HHS regions between 2003–2004 and 2012–2013 influenza seasons.</p

Positive Network Assortativity of Influenza Vaccination at a High School: Implications for Outbreak Risk and Herd Immunity

<div><p>Schools are known to play a significant role in the spread of influenza. High vaccination coverage can reduce infectious disease spread within schools and the wider community through vaccine-induced immunity in vaccinated individuals and through the indirect effects afforded by herd immunity. In general, herd immunity is greatest when vaccination coverage is highest, but clusters of unvaccinated individuals can reduce herd immunity. Here, we empirically assess the extent of such clustering by measuring whether vaccinated individuals are randomly distributed or demonstrate positive assortativity across a United States high school contact network. Using computational models based on these empirical measurements, we further assess the impact of assortativity on influenza disease dynamics. We found that the contact network was positively assortative with respect to influenza vaccination: unvaccinated individuals tended to be in contact more often with other unvaccinated individuals than with vaccinated individuals, and these effects were most pronounced when we analyzed contact data collected over multiple days. Of note, unvaccinated males contributed substantially more than unvaccinated females towards the measured positive vaccination assortativity. Influenza simulation models using a positively assortative network resulted in larger average outbreak size, and outbreaks were more likely, compared to an otherwise identical network where vaccinated individuals were not clustered. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and addressing heterogeneities in seasonal influenza vaccine uptake for prevention of large, protracted school-based outbreaks of influenza, in addition to continued efforts to increase overall vaccine coverage.</p></div