Biological variation in climbing aroids

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las especies de Araceae son conocidas por sus distintas formas de vida; sin embargo, la terminología relacionada con este grupo genera confusiones conceptuales dentro de la comunidad científica. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la confusión conceptual actual derivada de la literatura y ejemplares de herbario vs. observaciones y datos de campo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de fuentes de información relevantes sobre las formas de vida de aráceas, incluyendo floras y tratamientos taxonómicos, así como de ejemplares de herbario. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un censo de seis especies de aráceas en la Estación de Biología Tropical “Los Tuxtlas”, Veracruz, México. Para cada individuo se buscaron las conexiones de sus raíces adventicias y tallos con el suelo, además se tomaron medidas de su longitud total y hojas para crear tres clases ontogénicas. Resultados clave: Se presentan las descripciones de formas de vida de 30 especies de Araceae trepadoras de Veracruz publicadas en nueve publicaciones, mostrando una marcada inconsistencia en el uso de la terminología. El análisis de los datos documentados en los ejemplares de herbario reveló para 17 especies, que todas fueron asignadas con al menos tres de ocho diferentes categorías de hábito, principalmente como epífita, hemiepífita y trepadora. De las seis especies censadas en campo, la mayoría de los individuos tiene conexión con el suelo. Conclusiones: Las asignaciones de formas de vida basadas en observaciones de campo sin tener datos cuantitativos sobre el contacto de las plantas con el suelo son problemáticas. Más bien, es necesario analizar y aclarar la ontogenia de las aráceas trepadoras, lo que puede contribuir a estructurar adecuadamente nuestros conceptos y evitar ambigüedades en la terminología. Asimismo, también se debería evitar que se agrupen a las especies de Araceae indistintamente en estudios sobre epífitas, lo cual lleva a sobreestimar la riqueza reportada.Background and Aims: The species of Araceae are known for their diversity of life forms; however, the terminology regarding this group generates conceptual confusion within the scientific community. Our objective was to demonstrate the current conceptual confusion based on the literature, herbarium vouchers vs. observations and field data. Methods: A thorough review of relevant sources of information on aroid life forms was carried out, including floras and taxonomic treatments, as well as herbarium vouchers. Additionally, a census of six aroid species was conducted at the Tropical Biological Station “Los Tuxtlas”, Veracruz, Mexico. For each individual we searched for the connections of its adventitious roots and stems with the soil, in addition we took measurements of its total length and leaves to create three ontogenic classes. Key results: We present descriptions of life forms of 30 species of climbing Araceae from Veracruz published in nine publications, showing pronounced inconsistency in the use of terminology. The analysis of the data documented in the herbarium specimens revealed for 17 species, that these were assigned to at least three of eight different habit categories, mainly as epiphyte, hemiepiphyte and climber. Of the six species surveyed in the field, most of the individuals have a connection with the soil. Conclusions: Life form assignments based on field observations without quantitative data on the contact of plants with the soil are problematic. Rather, it is necessary to analyze and clarify the ontogeny of climbing aroids, which can help to properly structure our concepts and avoid ambiguities in terminology. Likewise, it should also be avoided that Araceae species are lumped indiscriminately in epiphyte studies, which leads to an overestimation of the reported richness

Ecoregional distribution of potentially useful species of Araceae and Bromeliaceae as non-timber forest products in Bolivia

In Bolivia, the plant families Araceae and Bromeliaceae offer numerous non-timber products, including ornamental plants, medicines, foods, and fibers. The economic potential for the utilization of these resources depends critically on the distribution of potentially useful species in different ecoregions in Bolivia. We conducted both a bibliographical revision of uses and ecological field work at 43 sites in the Bolivian Andes and lowlands to assess the potential for sustainable use as suggested by the Rapid Vulnerability Assessment method. The ecological criteria used for the evaluation were abundance (frequency), life form, geographical distribution, and habitat preference. We found that Bolivia has a striking number of potentially useful species of both families but that their potential use differs among ecoregions. Araceae were most species-rich and frequent in the humid lowland and montane forests. In these ecoregions, this family has a particular local importance mainly as traditional medicines and a great potential as ornamental plants. In contrast, economically useful bromeliads are best represented in seasonally dry forest habitats, especially for the production of fibres. Many species of bromeliads, which also occur in humid montane forests, although rare, are potentially important for commercialisation as ornamental species. This study shows that the uses of Araceae and Bromeliaceae are manifold and could be greatly increased through efficient management, although with different strategies according to the different ecoregions