<i>S. symbiotica</i> COG profile modification from FLS and between them.

<p><i>S. symbiotica</i> COG profile modification from FLS and between them.</p

Pan-genome of <i>Serratia</i> spp.

<p>Euler diagram displaying the number of clusters found on each subspace of the pan-genome. The pan-genome defined here as the total collection of CDS clusters found in <i>S. symbiotica</i> SCc, <i>S. symbiotica</i> SAp, <i>S. proteamaculans</i> 568, <i>S. odorifera</i> 4R×13 and <i>S. marcescens</i> Db11 (first two obligate and facultative endosymbiont respectively and the rest free-living).</p

Functional profiles of core, pan-genome and selected <i>Serratia</i> and corresponding <i>Buchnera</i> genomes.

<p><b>A.</b> Heatmap showing the two-way clustering of the COG profiles frequency differences from the FLS average. <b>B.</b> Heatmap showing the COG profiles from the selected <i>Serratia</i> and <i>Buchnera</i> genomes. On the right side of each heatmap, COG assignments for each row are displayed. In the bottom left, color key for the COG categories for the first heatmap in relation to the comparison <i>S. symbiotica</i> SCc vs FLS. In the bottom right, COG categories key. <b>BAp</b>:<i> B. aphidicola</i> from <i>A. pisum</i>; <b>BCc</b>: <i>B. aphidicola</i> from <i>C. cedri</i>; <b>Smar</b>: <i>S. marcescens</i> Db11; <b>Sodo</b>: <i>S. odorifera</i> 4R×13; <b>Spro</b>: <i>S. proteamaculans</i> 568; <b>SAp</b>:<i> S. symbiotica</i> from <i>A. pisum</i>; <b>SCc</b>: <i>S. symbiotica</i> from <i>C. cedri</i>.</p

Phylogenetic and rearrangements history of the single-copy core genes of the <i>Serratia</i> spp.

<p>On the left side, rooted ML tree with * indicating bootstrap support values of 100 (percent of total). On the middle, pairwise synteny plots of free-living <i>S. marcescens</i>, <i>S. odorifera</i> and <i>S. proteamaculans</i> along with endosymbiotic relatives <i>S. symbiotica</i> SCc and <i>S. symbiotica</i> SAp. On the right side, unrooted minimal number of rearrangements tree as calculated by MGR. On red, branches from the endosymbiotic lineages.</p

Species, accession numbers and genomic features comparison of <i>Serratia</i> spp. and selected <i>B. aphidicola</i> genomes.

<p>Species, accession numbers and genomic features comparison of <i>Serratia</i> spp. and selected <i>B. aphidicola</i> genomes.</p

Relative abundance of selected GO terms in the transcriptome of fungal isolate F1.

<p>GO terms corresponding to molecular functions (A) and cellular processes (B) are shown for F1 confronted with PS (reference, purple bars), and for the subset of genes not detected in the transcriptome of F1 grown isolated (test, orange bars). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences for p-value<0.05 (**) and p-value<0.1 (*).</p

Selecting Microbial Strains from Pine Tree Resin: Biotechnological Applications from a Terpene World

<div><p>Resin is a chemical and physical defensive barrier secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees, with insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. The degradation of terpenes, the main components accounting for the toxicity of resin, is highly relevant for a vast range of biotechnological processes, including bioremediation. In the present work, we used a resin-based selective medium in order to study the resin-tolerant microbial communities associated with the galls formed by the moth <i>Retinia resinella</i>; as well as resin from <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> forests, one of the largest ecosystems on Earth and a yet-unexplored source of terpene-degrading microorganisms. The taxonomic and functional diversity of the cultivated, resin-tolerant fraction of the whole microbiota were unveiled by high-throughput sequencing, which resulted in the detection of more than 40 bacterial genera among the terpene-degrading microorganisms, and a range of genes involved in the degradation of different terpene families. We further characterized through culture-based approaches and transcriptome sequencing selected microbial strains, including <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp., the most abundant species in both environmental resin and <i>R. resinella</i> resin-rich galls, and three fungal species, and experimentally confirmed their ability to degrade resin and also other terpene-based compounds and, thus, their potential use in biotechnological applications involving terpene catabolism.</p></div

Colony size of three fungal isolates during confrontation assays with strain PS.

<p>A and B, F1; C and D, F8; and E and F, F9. The experiments were carried out on RM (A, C, and E) and LB (B, D, and F) medium. Colony size measured in mm. Pictures of particular experiments were taken after 3 and 5 days in the case of LB and RM media, respectively.</p

SEM images of latex degradation performed by <i>Pseudomonas abietaniphila</i> strain PS.

<p>Particles from (A) a non-inoculated latex-containing medium; and a 15-days (B) and a one-month culture (C and D) of strain PS in the same medium are shown. Arrows indicate the cell-shaped niches formed on the latex surface. A and B scale bars = 10 µm, C and D scale bars = 2 µm.</p

Summary of the sequencing, assembly, and ORF prediction statistics for the microbial communities cultivated from environmental resin and galls.

<p>Summary of the sequencing, assembly, and ORF prediction statistics for the microbial communities cultivated from environmental resin and galls.</p