Biodiesel from Household/Restaurant Waste Cooking Oil (WCO)

The use of waste cooking oil (WCO) from extended household and restaurants was considered as a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production in this paper. The paper also focuses to showcase the qualities of biodiesel produced from WCO compared to that of other virgin oil. The oil that was supposed to be disposed, at times indiscriminately was de-odoured and purified using appropriate solvents. The purified oil was characterized and used for biodiesel production. The physical and fuel properties such as density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, cetane number etc were determined according to ASTM standards. The properties obtained were not only comparable with that of others but also within standard limits

Boiler-Feed and Process Water Reclamation from Biotreated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (BPOME): A Developmental Review

Increased water shortages and new environmental policies and regulations have stimulated significant development in reuse programs in the past 20 years.1 Reclaimed water has been recognized as a vital and drought-proof water source to ensure economic and agricultural activities. According to the conclusions of various water reuse surveys, the best water reuse projects, in terms of economic viability and public acceptance, are those that substitute reclaimed water in lieu of potable water for use in industrial, irrigation, environmental restoration, cleaning and toilet flushing. The main benefits of using reclaimed water in these situations are conservation of water resources and pollution reduction. 1 Low Pressure Membranes (LPMs) such as Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) integrated with adsorption system could be a viable option for separation of contaminants in wastewater for reuse as boiler-feed or process water in industry. This article technically discusses the main constituents of concern in boiler-feed and process water requirements and finally suggests potentially efficient and low-energy-low-cost hybridized LPM /adsorption treatment facilities to achieve this paradigm shift towards new water sources

Boiler-Feed and Process Water Reclamation from Biotreated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (BPOME): A Developmental Review

Increased water shortages and new environmental policies and regulations have stimulated significant development in reuse programs in the past 20 years.1 Reclaimed water has been recognized as a vital and drought-proof water source to ensure economic and agricultural activities. According to the conclusions of various water reuse surveys, the best water reuse projects, in terms of economic viability and public acceptance, are those that substitute reclaimed water in lieu of potable water for use in industrial, irrigation, environmental restoration, cleaning and toilet flushing. The main benefits of using reclaimed water in these situations are conservation of water resources and pollution reduction. 1 Low Pressure Membranes (LPMs) such as Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) integrated with adsorption system could be a viable option for separation of contaminants in wastewater for reuse as boiler-feed or process water in industry. This article technically discusses the main constituents of concern in boiler-feed and process water requirements and finally suggests potentially efficient and low-energy-low-cost hybridized LPM /adsorption treatment facilities to achieve this paradigm shift towards new water sources

Comparative analysis of the efficacies of ferrous gluconate and synthetic magnetite as sulphide scavengers in oil and gas drilling operations

Dva spoja željeza prihvatljiva po okoliš (sintetički magnetit i željezni glukonat) vrednovani su kao čistači sulfida pri temperaturama od 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C i 55 °C kod pH vrijednosti 12 u bušaćoj isplaci zagađenoj sulfidom. Otkriveno je da je željezni kompleks bolji pročistač od sintetičkog magnetita. On je pokazao stopostotnu sposobnost čišćenja unutar prvih 40 minuta miješanja. Korištena je ista koncentracija reagensa, 700 mg/l čistača nasuprot 700 mg/l sulfida (tj. omjer koncentracije sulfida prema koncentraciji čistača bio je 1:1). Učinkovitost čišćenja sintetičkim magnetitom bila je samo oko 30 posto nakon 2 sata miješanja. Nije otkriveno da je dodavanje kompleksa željeza isplaci štetno za reološke osobine isplake. Njegov unos pridonio je stabilizaciji reoloških svojstava isplake.Two environmentally safe iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as sulphide scavengers at temperature conditions of 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C at pH of 12 in a sulphide-contaminated drilling mud. The ferrous complex was found to be a better scavenger than synthetic magnetite. It exhibited 100 % scavenging efficiency within the first 40 minutes of agitation. The same concentration of the reagents, which is 700 mg/l scavenger vs. 700 mg/l sulphide, was employed (i.e. sulphide concentration to scavenger concentration ratio was 1:1). Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s scavenging efficiency was only about 30% even after 2 hours of agitation. Addition of the ferrous complex to the drilling mud was not found to be detrimental to the rheological properties of the mud. Its inclusion brought about the stabilization of mud’s rheological properties

Modelling of membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of Adsorbed Biotreated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (ABPOME)

Organic matter and particles in wastewater are usually held responsible for most membrane pore blockings ultimately resulting in fouling during treatment processes. This study was conducted, for the first time, to elucidate the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling phenomena caused by residual particulates in an adsorbed biotreated palm oil mill effluent (ABPOME) which is an end-of-pipe industrial wastewater from the palm oil processing industry. A laboratory-based bench scale experimentation using a cross flow membrane filtration system equipped with Polyethersulfone membranes of 1, 5, and 10 kDa UF, and operated at transmembrane pressures (TMP) of 40, 80 and 120 kPa was carried out. The experimental results revealed that the 5 kDa UF performed better with the particles contributing to a reversible type of fouling bringing about by cake layer formation mechanism with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9849. The flux-time curves have been analyzed using Hermia’s revised blocking filtration laws

Zero liquid discharge and water conservation through water reclamation & reuse of biotreated palm oil mill effluent: A review

World natural resources are now going into extinction as evident from the accelerating depletion of our water resources through the persistent but exorable pollutions confronting our water environment daily. Despite this, some part of the world still witnesses overwhelming wastage of fresh water due to lack of proper motivation towards water management policies from the policy makers as well as professionals. Malaysia as a country was known as a place of huge amount of fresh water coupled with regular rainfalls around the year but now witnessing depletion in its fresh waters due to environmental pollution. One of the main causes of this pollution is the palm oil industry which discharges its Biotreated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (BPOME) into the rivers after little but insufficient treatments. This paper reviews the status, rationale and potential of water reuse in Malaysia. The piece further reflects the potential of advanced technologies to produce regenerated water offering specific solutions to industrial or agricultural reuse needs from BPOME, thus suggesting potential, affordable and cost effective water conservation systems through zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technology and water reclamation from BPOME discharge

Magnetism, structure and interactions at the atomic scale

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized through nickel ion (Ni2+) impregnation of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) using acetylene gas, in the presence of hydrogen gas, was employed for the synthesis process. Various percentages (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt. %) of Ni2+ catalysts were used in the impregnation of Ni2+ into PAC. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), zeta potential, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) were utilized for the characterization of the novel composite, which possessed micro and nanodimensions. FESEM and TEM images revealed that the carbonaceous structure of the nanomaterials was fibrous instead of tubular with average width varying from 100 to 200 nanometers. The PAC surface area increased from 101 m2/g to 837 m2/g after the growth of CNF. TGA combustion temperature range was within 400°C and 570°C, while the average zeta potential of the nanocomposite materials was -24.9 mV, indicating its moderate dispersive nature in water. © 2016 Yehya M. Ahmed et al

REMOVAL OF COD FROM PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND BETONITE CLAY

Water pollution is a major concern because of its negative effect on humans, plants and aquatic creatures. The concentration of COD in the wastewater is an indication of its impurity. Various pollutants impart COD to the water; hence, its removal is synergistically adequate for the removal of these impurities (organic and inorganic). The cost of adsorbents and the problems associated with their regeneration had led to the search for alternate low-cost adsorbents. This study involved the treatment of wastewater obtained from a pharmaceutical industry in Ilorin, Nigeria using sugar-cane bagasse and clay as adsorbents for the reduction of COD to a permissible level set by the World Health Organization for reuse as irrigation water for agricultural activities. For the treatment process, 27 experimental runs were designed, executed and analyzed to identify the best operating condition that brings about the lowest residual COD concentration. An optimum COD removal response of 97.8 % was obtained at adsorption conditions of adsorbent loading 0.75 g/mL, temperature 45 ℃ and retention time of 120 min. The developed composite adsorbent reduced the COD content to a permissible level