BFFT quantization with nonlinear constraints

We consider the method due to Batalin, Fradkin, Fradkina, and Tyutin (BFFT) that makes the conversion of second-class constraints into first-class ones for the case of nonlinear theories. We first present a general analysis of an attempt to simplify the method, showing the conditions that must be fulfilled in order to have first-class constraints for nonlinear theories but that are linear in the auxiliary variables. There are cases where this simplification cannot be done and the full BFFT method has to be used. However, in the way the method is formulated, we show with details that it is not practicable to be done. Finally, we speculate on a solution for these problems.Comment: 19 pages, Late

Hamiltonian embedding of the massive noncommutative U(1) theory

We show that the massive noncommutative U(1) can be embedded in a gauge theory by using the BFFT Hamiltonian formalism. By virtue of the peculiar non-Abelian algebraic structure of the noncommutative massive U(1) theory, several specific identities involving Moyal commutators had to be used in order to make the embedding possible. This leads to an infinite number of steps in the iterative process of obtaining first-class constraints. We also shown that the involutive Hamiltonian can be constructed.Comment: 8 pages, Revtex (multicol

Caracterização molecular de populações de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense em regiões produtoras de banana na Bahia.

O mal-do-Panamá, causado pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), é uma das doenças mais destrutivas da bananeira, sendo considerada entre as cinco doenças economicamente mais importantes de todos os tempos. O fato de ser causada por um fungo do solo que, mesmo na ausência da cultura, sobrevive por períodos prolongados, faz com que a medida de controle mais efetiva seja o uso de variedades resistentes. Desta forma, o projeto tem como objetivo caracterizar populações brasileiras de Foc por meio de marcadores SSR

Hamiltonian Embedding of SU(2) Higgs Model in the Unitary Gauge

Following systematically the generalized Hamiltonian approach of Batalin, Fradkin and Tyutin (BFT), we embed the second-class non-abelian SU(2) Higgs model in the unitary gauge into a gauge invariant theory. The strongly involutive Hamiltonian and constraints are obtained as an infinite power series in the auxiliary fields. Furthermore, comparing these results with those obtained from the gauged second class Lagrangian, we arrive at a simple interpretation for the first class Hamiltonian, constraints and observables.Comment: 13 pages, Latex, no figure

Tensor Coordinates in Noncommutative Mechanics

A consistent classical mechanics formulation is presented in such a way that, under quantization, it gives a noncommutative quantum theory with interesting new features. The Dirac formalism for constrained Hamiltonian systems is strongly used, and the object of noncommutativity ${\mathbf \theta}^{ij}$ plays a fundamental rule as an independent quantity. The presented classical theory, as its quantum counterpart, is naturally invariant under the rotation group $SO(D)$.Comment: 12 pages, Late

Alternative method of outside-in meniscal repair for anterior horn tears

Treatment of symptomatic meniscal tears continues to evolve as we improve our understanding of the biomechanical role of the meniscus and its long-term importance to the health of the knee joint. Suture repair of meniscal tears is challenging and continues to rise as we aim to preserve meniscal tissue. Outside-in meniscal suture techniques may involve using expensive equipment that is not readily available for immediate use in most operating rooms. Aware of the different techniques available, the authors describe a fast and reproducible technique that does not require the use of specific material or equipment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Identifying mobility patterns of socioeconomic classes in a transportation context case study : São Carlos -SP (Brazil)

This article presents the results of a study in São Carlos (Brazil), whose goal was the characterization of mobility patterns associated with socioeconomic classes. This study helps to understand the relations between mobility patterns and socioeconomic classes and aims to demonstrate the modal choice distribution in an urban region by analyzing the socioeconomic characteristics of households. Information from an OD Survey, made in 2007, was used as database. After a geospatial location process, elaborated with a help of Geographic Information System (GIS), the database was analyzed qualitatively, in order to obtain the mobility patterns of each socioeconomic class, considering gender, age, modal choice and distance traveled. Results showed that (i) differences between modal choices in each daily trip depend on the user class; (ii) divergences between distance traveled and modal choice considering gender and age was observed in the daily trip

Diversidade genética entre genótipos de bananeira detectada por marcadores SSR.

A bananicultura é uma atividade de elevada importância econômica e social, responde pela produção de alimento básico para as populações carentes de diversos países. O uso de técnicas que apresentem elevada reprodutibilidade e que sejam estáveis, como os microssatélites, são importantes, pois auxiliam na caracterização de espécies economicamente importantes como bananeiras e na criação de perfis moleculares de variedades (1)