Predictors of disclosure of sero-status to sexual partners among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ogun State, Nigeria

Introduction: Disclosure may reduce the transmission of HIV by raising awareness and decreasing risky behavior, thus status disclosure is an issue to be addressed for HIV prevention and treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of HIV status disclosure to sexual partners among People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) in Ogun state, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. A sample of people living with HIV/AIDS attending secondary health facilities in Ogun State were recruited into the study.Results: Of the total 637 interviewed, 324 (50.9%) indicated that they have disclosed to their main sexual partner. About 44.6% of the respondents reported that they do not know their partner’s HIV status, while 30.3% had a negative partner and 25.1% with HIV-positive partners. Among the participants who disclosed their HIV status, 17.3% disclosed on the day of receiving test result, 15.5% within two weeks, 9.7% in 2 to 4 weeks, 8.3% in 1 or more months. Predictors of disclosure were individuals who were married [OR = 4.52, CI = 2.06–9.92] living within monogamous family [OR = 1.67, CI = 1.10–2.53], had anticipation of partner’s support before disclosure [OR = 3.68, CI = 2.36–5.76] with knowledge ofpartner’s sero-status either positive [OR = 4.08, CI = 2.62–6.35] or negative [OR = 2.49, C.I = 1.59–3.90] and had a low self-esteem [OR = 0.61, CI = 0.42–0.89].Conclusion: Disclosure rate was low in this African population. The study implies that PLWAs especially those having a difficult family life should be supported to make effective decisions to disclose their status. HIV sero-status should be addressed in behavioral interventions like counseling on positive living and a multidisciplinary approach to developpositive self-esteem through follow-up counseling

‘PSYCHO-PHILOSOPHICAL LEADERSHIP’: DEVELOPING CRITICAL MINDSET FOR EFFECTIVE PASTORAL MINISTRY IN AFRICA

Many issues of concern have been raised by different scholars about leadership and human endeavours in Africa over ages; issues pertaining to relationship, communication, attitude, position, power, politics, policies, influence and the likes. The demand of leadership is so enormous, task-full and delicate. The various attempt of different scholars across the globe to determine what leadership should be or should look like had led to many propounded theories, styles, principles, and techniques of exhibiting leadership. Many scholars and a host of others had written and or researched on leadership in various aspects which could be regarded as areas involving pro-activeness of leaders; attitude; qualifications of leaders; qualities; problems of leadership; theories of leadership; styles of leadership; philosophy of leadership and contemporary issues in leadership. All of their positions cannot be undermined in leadership discuss, especially in Africa and beyond; although none of these aforementioned and other scholars had written directly on psycho-philosophical leadership. The researcher’s drive on embarking on this work rested on his observation of some problematic issues that devastate the Church in Africa as a result of inadequate or proper inquiry into the problem and a logical approach to resolving such issues. The desire to see pastors in Church in African become inquiry-based and problem-solving leaders is the motivation for the work. Hence, the thrust of this paper is to present psycho-philosophical approach to leadership; intimating pastors as leaders on the necessity of developing critical mindset without undermining the Spirit of God in handling critical issues that are devastating the Church in Africa so as to ascertain efficacy of pastoral ministry through inductive-thinking, critical and deep-thinking; as well as raising the consciousness of pastors as leaders to the fact that pastoral call is not a call to lazy or myopic exhibition but that which requires thorough inquiry and problem-solving approach. The real power of leadership lies in the ability of the leader to think deeply and productively.  Article visualizations

Knowledge and Attitudes towards Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) among Community Nurses in Remo Area of Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: Cardiac arrest is not often discussed as a public health problem. This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes towards Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) among Community Nurses in Remo Area of Ogun State, Nigeria with the purpose of improving emergency care at primary health care delivery system.Methodology: It was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study that involved 70 nurses. The study was carried out between January and August, 2010. The nurses were tested on their theoretical knowledge of basic life support with semi-structured practical questions partly from the resuscitation guideline of 2005 generated by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation and scores were awarded to ten positive responses. Data were reported using SPSS version 15.0. The mean score was compared for age, marital status, those that were taught CPR, had certified CPR training by using Paired Sample T-test and year of experience by using one way ANOVA. P value < 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: A total of 70 nurses with mean age of 40.2±7.7 years were studied. Majority 58 (82.9%) have heard about CPR mostly at School of Nursing. Only four (5.7%) knew the correct approach to a person with cardiac arrest. Eight (11.4%) had certified CPR training out of which none of those certified had the training within the last two years. Only 13 (18.6%) had correct theoretical knowledge of 2005 guidelines for compression: ventilation ratio. None of the respondents who were unwilling to do mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing knew that compression alone could be life saving for a stranger or relative. There was a better performance in the younger age group p=0.04 and those with less than five years of experience p=0.09.Conclusion: Knowledge of basic CPR amongst nurses at primary health care level is generally poor with the young ones having better performance. This suggests the need for regular CPR training and re-training.Keywords: Basic Life Support, Community Nurses, Knowledge, Ogun Stat

Predictors of Indoor Insecticides spray utilization in the Prevention of Malaria related mosquito bites in Ogun State, Nigeria: A Community based study

BACKGROUND: Modern medicine tends to interpret health in terms of medical interventions and to overemphasize the importance of medical technology. It is important to promote the concept of health as theresult of the interaction of human beings and their total environment.METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A cluster sampling technique was used to select the participants into the study. The study was carried out between January 2012 and February 2012. One participant per household was selected into the study. A semi- structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information which was collated and analyzedusing SPSS 15 statistical software.RESULTS: A total of 400 households were recruited into the study. The prevalence of insecticide spray utilization in the last 6months was 18.5%. Source of information on the use of insecticides included the radio/TV 174 (43.5%), Relatives 78 (19.5%), Health workers 54 (13.5%), friends 68 (17.0%) and others 26 (6.5%). Reasons for not using insecticides includedbeing expensive (cost) 94 (23.5%), fear of side effect 16 (4.0%), Inconvenience 38 (9.5%) and un-availability 74 (18.5%). Predictors of utilization of insecticide spray were young age (<30 yrs) of heads of household (O.R=5.10, C.I=1.06-21.7), tertiary education (OR= 9.14C.I=1.13-53.08), Nuclear family structure (OR=2.45 C.I=1.13-3.74) and availability of insecticide spray (OR=2.21 C.I=1.24-4.05).CONCLUSION: The study shows that households with heads that are young and educated are more likely to use insecticide spray. The study indicates that programs that will be geared towards increasing the knowledge and awareness of indoor insecticide spray in the prevention of Malaria should be introduced at the community level

Risk factors associated with mental illness in Oyo State, Nigeria: A Community based study

BACKGROUND: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with mental illness in Oyo State at community level using the general health questionnaire as a screening tool. METHOD: This cross-sectional, community- based survey was carried out among adults in three randomly selected LGAs using multi-stage sampling technique. RESULTS: A total of 1105 respondents were assessed in all. The overall prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in Oyo state Nigeria was found to be 21.9%, (18.4% in the urban areas and 28.4% in the rural areas, p = 0.005). Young age ≤ 19 yrs (X(2 )= 20.41, p = 0.00013), Unemployment (X(2 )= 11.86 p = 0.0005), living condition below average (X(2 )= 12.21, p = 0.00047), physical health (X(2 )= 6.07, p = 0.014), and large family size (X(2 )= 14.09 p = 0.00017) were associated with increase risk for psychiatric morbidity. Following logistic regression analysis, Unemployment (C.I = 1.18–3.70, OR -2.1) and living conditions perceived to be above average (C.I = 1.99–5.50, OR-3.3) were significant predictors of mental illness while family size less than 6 (C.I = 0.86–0.97, OR-0.91) was protective. CONCLUSION: The teenagers and the rural populations are in greater need of mental health promotional services. Family planning should be made freely available in order to reduce the family size and hence incidence of mental illness in the African population

Diabetic foot ulcer: risk factors among patients of a secondary healthcare facility in south west Nigeria

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer is a common long term complication of diabetes and the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation and prolonged hospitalization. These increases disease burden and further worsen quality of life.Aim: This study evaluated exposure risk factors for foot ulcers among diabetics attending a secondary healthcare facility in Southwest Nigeria.Methods: A case control study of exposure risk factors for diabetes foot ulcer (DFU) at General Hospital Marina Lagos. Using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire, information on foot care education, 24-hour dietary recall, medical history, anthropometric indices and social habits of participants were obtained and analyzed.Results: There were 636 participants in this study (106 cases and 530 controls) with median age of 61.1±11.0 years in both study groups and mostly females, (75.5% in cases and 78.7% controls) with female to male ratio of 3:1. Majority, (83% in cases and 85% in controls) were in the low socioeconomic class and had lived with DM for more than 5years. Of the studied risk factors, lacking foot care education, diagnosis of visual impairment and hypertension, dietary intake of large proportion of carbohydrate meal at breakfast and dinner and obesity occured in significantly higher proportion of cases and controls and were associated with presence of DFU. (p<0.05) Conclusions: Lack of foot care education, diagnosis of visual impairment, hypertension and poor dietary habit are associated with presence of DFU. Addressing these factors from point of diagnosis will go a long way in stemming the burden of diabetes foot ulcer.  Funding: Self-funding. Keywords: Diabetes, foot ulcer, exposure risk factors, Southwest Nigeria.

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Abstract Introduction: Disclosure may reduce the transmission of HIV by raising awareness and decreasing risky behavior, thus status disclosure is an issue to be addressed for HIV prevention and treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of HIV status disclosure to sexual partners among People Living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWAs) in Ogun state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. A sample of people living with HIV/AIDS attending secondary health facilities in Ogun State were recruited into the study. Results: Of the total 637 interviewed, 324 (50.9%) indicated that they have disclosed to their main sexual partner. About 44.6% of the respondents reported that they do not know their partner's HIV status, while 30.3% had a negative partner and 25.1% with HIV-positive partners. Among the participants who disclosed their HIV status, 17.3% disclosed on the day of receiving test result, 15.5% within two weeks, 9.7% in 2 to 4 weeks, 8. Conclusion: Disclosure rate was low in this African population. The study implies that PLWAs especially those having a difficult family life should be supported to make effective decisions to disclose their status. HIV sero-status should be addressed in behavioral interventions like counseling on positive living and a multidisciplinary approach to develop positive self-esteem through follow-up counseling

Incidence of road traffic accidents and pattern of injury among commercial motorcyclists in a rural community in south western Nigeria

Background and Objective: Motorcyclists are at high risk of road traffic accidents and the attendant injuries, but few community-based studies have investigated the problem in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the incidence of accidents and patterns of non-fatal injury among commercial motorcyclists in a rural community in Oyo State, Nigeria. Methodology: A total sample of all the commercial motorcyclists registered in the motor parks of Igbo-Ora, Oyo State was surveyed. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information on the respondents\' socio-demographic characteristics, occurrence of accidents in the year preceding the study, type of injury sustained, motorcycle riding experience, substance use and other characteristics. Results: Two hundred and ninety nine motorcyclists were interviewed, 136(45.3%) had been involved in a road traffic accident; of these 85 (62.5%) were involved in a single accident, while 51(37.5%) were involved in 2 or more accidents. Motorcycle accident risk factors included age of the motorcyclist, between 20-29 and 30-39 years, OR 10.1 and OR 9.6 respectively, alcohol use, OR 1.18, and visual impairment, OR 1.62. The collisions occurred mainly with cars (28.7%) and other motorcyclists (27.9%). The commonest types of injuries sustained were abrasions and cuts (67 .6%) and fractures of the upper and lower limbs (16.2%). Conclusion: Road traffic accidents occur frequently among commercial motorcyclists in this community. Introduction of road safety education targeted at discouraging alcohol use among these motorcyclists while riding and ensuring periodic visual acuity assessment is recommended. Keywords: commercial motorcyclists, accidents, injuries, risk factors, rural community, NigeriaJournal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 2005, 17(1): 7-1

Determinants of insecticide treated nets use among youth corp members in Edo State, Nigeria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Africa Malaria Report shows that many countries are quite far from reaching the universal coverage targets of 80% coverage by 2010 and maintain it at this level. This paper examines ITN use and the factors associated with its adoption among the youths in Nigeria. This information will help in the design of effective methods of providing and distributing the nets in order to enhance its adoption and maximize the public health benefits of ITNs.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2006 among university leavers serving compulsory national service (youth corpers) using total sampling technique. The study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 656 youth corp members were interviewed. Only 23.8% of these youths ever use ITN while 4.3% currently use ITN before reporting in camp. A significant proportion of the youths acquired information on ITN from Mass Media (p = 0.0001). Other statistically significant factors that encourage the use of ITN include inexpensive market price of ITN (p = 0.0001), frequency of Malaria infestation (p = 0.019) and perceived malaria preventive action of ITN ( p = 0.000).</p> <p>Following logistic regression analysis, perceived effective malaria preventive action of ITN [OR = 29.3, C.I = 17.17-50.0] and high frequency of Malaria infestation [OR = 1.55, C.I = 0.97-2.47] were predictors of ITN use.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study shows that the use of ITN for the prevention of Malaria is low among these Nigerian youths. The major factors determining the adoption of ITN among the youths were perceived effective Malaria prevention action of ITN and high frequency of Malaria attack. These factors should be considered in the design of sustainable and effective locally relevant strategies for scale-up adoption of ITNs among a youthful African population.</p

Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risky Sexual Behaviours among Clients Attending HIV Testing Service in Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: HIV testing services (HTS) are a component of HIV prevention and care programs in developed countries and have proven to be a cost-effective way of monitoring the disease, reducing risky behaviours and leading patients to other services. Objective: To determine the prevalence and risky behavioural factors associated with HIV among the attendees of HIV testing services in a part of Ogun state, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of HTS clients in health facilities within Ogun State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used for data collection using a pretested, close-ended, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 800 respondents with a mean age of 32.57±10.39 years were surveyed. The prevalence of HIV was 1.6%. The majority (93.6%) of the respondents were sexually experienced. The percentage tested previously among study participants was 5.0%. This significantly comprised those below the age of 18 years (X2 = 22.01, p = 0.0001) and female respondents (Χ2 = 4.84, p = 0.028). Only 21 (2.6%) have had unprotected sex with a casual partner. Significantly more of the female respondent had been involved in this risky sexual behaviour (X2 = 4.52, p = 0.034). Only 7 (0.9%) had sex with multiple sexual partners in the last three months, and 17 (2.1%) were positive for symptomatic STI screening. Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV was low to be 1.6%, and the percentage tested previously was 5.0%. The practice of free HIV screening should be maintained to encourage more people to undergo the test