To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ramipril in albino rats

Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a product of Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Angiotensin‑II regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, activates nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF‑κB), increases oxidant stress and functions as an inflammatory molecule. Ramipril an ACE inhibitor act by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme, decreases angiotensinogen II activity. Hence the present was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Ramipril.Methods: Eighteen Wistar albino rats weighing around 150-200gms of either sex were randomly selected from central animal facility and divided into three groups. The control group received normal saline 25ml/kg, standard group received Indomethacin 10mg/kg and test group received Ramipril (0.9mg/kg) orally for six days. The animals were subjected to carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model.Results: Ramipril significantly decreased the mean paw oedema in carrageenan induced paw oedema when compared to control and in cotton pellet induced granuloma Ramipril decreased the mean granuloma weight when compared to control.Conclusions: Ramipril showed anti-inflammatory activity when given for 6 consecutive days per orally in albino rats in carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model

To evaluate the effect of neostigmine on blood glucose levels in euglycemic albino rats through OGTT

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) consists of a group of syndromes characterised by hyperglycaemia, altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and an increased risk of complications from vascular disease. There are genetic and environmental components that affect the risk of developing either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: Twelve Swiss albino rats weighing around 150-200gmsof either sex were randomly selected from the central animal facility, JSSMC, Mysore and divided into two groups. The control group received distilled water (25ml/kg body wt.) per orally, test group received Neostigmine (0.5mg/kg/day) per orally for 5 days. On the fifth day, following overnight fasting, 1 hour after drug administration in all the group of rats OGTT was performed, by administering oral glucose in dose of 0.6gm/kg body weight. The capillary blood glucose level was measured at 0, 60 and 150 minutes, by rat tail snipping method using (ACCUCHEK) glucometer.Results: The Capillary Blood Glucose levels of Neostigmine group was less when compared to control group at all-time intervals.Conclusions: Neostigmine showed the hypoglycemic activity when given for 5 days orally in euglycemic albino rats through OGTT

Evaluation of cognition enhancing activity of pioglitazone in albino mice

Background: Worldwide, 47.5 million people have dementia, with just over half (58%) living in low- and middle-income countries. Every year, there are 7.7 million new cases. The estimated proportion of the general population aged 60 and over with dementia at a given time is between 5 to 8 per 100 people. The total number of people with dementia is projected to be 75.6 million in 2030 and almost triple by 2050 to 135.5 million.Methods: All animals were allowed to acclimatize with laboratory conditions at least two weeks before starting the experiment and they were maintained under the same condition throughout the experiment. They were given food and water ad libitum. The experiments were performed as per the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines. The animals were subjected to experimentation between 0900-1600 hours in noise free atmosphere with ambient temperature 23-300ºC.Results: The Pioglitazone treated groups showed statistically significant results in the SDL when compared to the control group (p<0.01 on both days) and the scopolamine group (p<0.01 on both days) on both acquisition day and retention day.Conclusions: There was no significant difference in SDL in standard and Pioglitazone treated groups on both acquisition day and retention day

The magnitude of sensitization of pharmacovigilance among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital – A questionnaire based study

Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV) is an evolving branch of medical education. It helps in identifying the negative effects of drugs and safeguards the public and patients from them. Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) reporting will have an important role in enhancing the safer and smarter use of drugs among the population. Objectives: To study the magnitude of sensitization of pharmacovigilance among undergraduate medical students. To study the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Pharmacovigilance among the undergraduate students. Methods: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting were assessed among the undergraduate (UG) students before and after sensitization. Results: The study showed that undergraduate medical students have insufficient knowledge and awareness about Pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting. The sensitization program helped to enhance the knowledge and awareness about PV & ADR reporting among UG students. Conclusion: The inclusion of sensitization programs regarding drug safety during the undergraduate level along with their routine curriculum can help to strengthen the Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ramipril in albino rats

Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a product of Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Angiotensin‑II regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, activates nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF‑κB), increases oxidant stress and functions as an inflammatory molecule. Ramipril an ACE inhibitor act by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme, decreases angiotensinogen II activity. Hence the present was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Ramipril.Methods: Eighteen Wistar albino rats weighing around 150-200gms of either sex were randomly selected from central animal facility and divided into three groups. The control group received normal saline 25ml/kg, standard group received Indomethacin 10mg/kg and test group received Ramipril (0.9mg/kg) orally for six days. The animals were subjected to carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model.Results: Ramipril significantly decreased the mean paw oedema in carrageenan induced paw oedema when compared to control and in cotton pellet induced granuloma Ramipril decreased the mean granuloma weight when compared to control.Conclusions: Ramipril showed anti-inflammatory activity when given for 6 consecutive days per orally in albino rats in carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model

Evaluate the effect of bethanechol on blood glucose levels in euglycemic Wistar albino rats through oral glucose tolerance test

Objective: To evaluate the effect of bethanechol on blood glucose levels in euglycemic Wistar albino rats through oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Materials and Methods: Twelve Wistar albino rats weighing around 150-200 g of either sex were randomly selected from the central animal facility, and were divided into two groups. The control group received distilled water (25 mL/kg body wt.) per orally, test groups received bethanechol (3.6 mg/kg/day) per orally for 5 days. On the fifth day, following overnight fasting, 1 h after drug administration in all the groups of rats OGTT was performed, by administering oral glucose in dose of 0.6 gm/kg body weight. The capillary blood glucose (CBG) levels were measured at 0 min, 60 min, and 150 min, by rat tail snipping method using glucometer (ACCUCHEK). Results: The CBG levels of the bethanechol group was less when compared to the control group at all time intervals and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Bethanechol showed the hypoglycemic activity when given for 5 days orally to euglycemic albino rats through OGTT

Evaluation of analgesic activity of perindopril in albino mice

The aim was to evaluate the analgesic activity of perindopril in chemical, thermal and mechanical pain on Swiss albino mice. A total of 54 albino mice (Swiss strain) weighing 25-30 g were allocated to each experimental model and in each model there were three groups. The control group received normal saline (25 ml/kg) per orally, standard group received pentazocine (10 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal and test groups received perindopril (1 mg/kg) per orally. Perindopril and normal saline was administered 2 h before, whereas the pentazocine was administered 15 min prior to Eddy′s hot plate, writhing and tail clip methods. The decrease in number of writhes, the delay in reaction time in tail clip and Eddy′s hot plate method denoted the analgesic activity. Perindopril decreased the number of writhes, delayed the reaction time in tail clip and Eddy′s hot plate method considerably when compared with control (normal saline), but less when compared with standard (pentazocine). Perindopril exhibits analgesic activity in thermal, chemical, and mechanical pain models in albino mice