PATENTING PUBLIC-FUNDED RESEARCH FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER : A Conceptual-Empirical Synthesis of US Evidence and Lessons for India

The question of protecting intellectual property rights by academic inventors was never seriously contemplated until the introduction of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980 in the US. The Act allowed universities to retain patent rights over inventions arising out of federally-funded research and to license those patents exclusively or nonexclusively at their discretion. This particular legislation was a response to the growing concern over the fact that federally funded inventions in the US were not reaching the market place. In this paper, we present a critical review of the US experience after the Bayh-Dole Act and argue that the evidence is far from being unambiguous. We discuss the debate surrounding the Act the extent to which it was successful in achieving its objectives, the unintended consequences, if any, and more generally, the effectiveness of IPR as a vehicle of technology transfer from universities. We also discuss the limited evidence on Bayh-Dole type legislations introduced in other countries. A new legislation, along the lines of the US Bayh-Dole Act The Protection and Utilisation of Public Funded IP Bill, 2008 is presently before the Indian parliament. The paper presents an Indian perspective against the backdrop of the US experience in an attempt to draw concrete lessons for India.Bayh-Dole Act, public-funded research, universities, Patents, India

Drivers of Academic Research and Patenting in India: Econometric Estimation of the Research Production Function

In this paper we attempt to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drivers ofacademic research and patenting in India. Academic research is conceptualised as aresearch production process where research inputs (like research time and number ofresearch scholars) are transformed into research outputs in the form of publicationsand patents. We expect research inputs by a faculty member to be an outcome ofhis/her own decision-making process, which in turn determine his/her researchoutputs. Exogenous parameters, like faculty background, faculty attitude, researchsponsorship and institutional factors, are expected to influence both set of endogenousvariables (research inputs and outputs). We specify this production function as arecursive simultaneous equation model and estimate the structural parameters usingstandard econometric methods. Our results clearly identify several drivers ofacademic research and patenting in India, in terms of faculty background, facultyattitude and other parameters, from which we arrive at concrete policy lessons forpatenting of academic research in India. In particular, we argue that putting in placeinstitutional structures will not serve the purpose without addressing the fundamentalissues of research environment, culture and attitude in the first place. In a sense,therefore, introducing an IPR legislation alone may not act as an instant magicformula to energise Indian academic research for commercial application.Academic Research, Patents, Bayh-Dole Act, India

Patenting Public-Funded Research for Technology Transfer: A Conceptual-Empirical Synthesis of US Evidence and Lessons for India

The question of protecting intellectual property rights by academic inventors wasnever seriously contemplated until the introduction of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980 inthe US. The Act allowed universities to retain patent rights over inventions arising outof federally-funded research and to license those patents exclusively or nonexclusivelyat their discretion. This particular legislation was a response to thegrowing concern over the fact that federally funded inventions in the US were notreaching the market place. In this paper, we present a critical review of the USexperience after the Bayh-Dole Act and argue that the evidence is far from beingunambiguous. We discuss the debate surrounding the Act – the extent to which it wassuccessful in achieving its objectives, the unintended consequences, if any, and moregenerally, the effectiveness of IPR as a vehicle of technology transfer fromuniversities. We also discuss the limited evidence on Bayh-Dole type legislationsintroduced in other countries. A new legislation, along the lines of the US Bayh-DoleAct – The Protection and Utilisation of Public Funded IP Bill, 2008 – is presentlybefore the Indian parliament. The paper presents an Indian perspective against thebackdrop of the US experience in an attempt to draw concrete lessons for India.Bayh-Dole Act, public-funded research, universities, patents, India

The Interface between economic development, health and environment in India: An econometric investigation.

This paper analyses interrelationships between `economic development', `health', and `environment' in a simultaneous equations framework. Four structural equations have been postulated to explain changes in four endogenous variables in terms of several predetermined variables. The endogenous variables chosen for the model are GDPPC (per capita gross domestic product), LE (life expectancy), NOCRD (number of cases of respiratory diseases) and PM10 (respirable suspended particulate matter). We assume that GDPPC describes economic development prominently and, therefore, use it as one of the endogenous variables in lieu of economic development. LE and NOCRD are assumed to reflect health effects in the economy, and PM10 is used as a proxy of environmental stress. The four endogenous variables are supposed to be jointly determined in terms of several exogenous variables represented through indices of physical infrastructure (PI), social infrastructure (SI) and air pollution index (API). We construct the three indices by the principal components method and thus effectively use only these three predetermined (exogenous) variables to simultaneously determine changes in the four endogenous variables listed above. The model is postulated in loglinear form and estimated by the two-stage least-squares method using data from the Indian economy 1980-81 to 2004-05. It follows from the estimated structural equations that while physical infrastructure is significant in determining GDPPC, the GDPPC is also directly influenced by improved health outcomes like longevity (LE) and lower morbidity from respiratory diseases (NOCRD). The long term health outcome (LE) is determined by the level of per capita GDP and it is positively affected by social infrastructure. The third structural equation shows that the immediate, or short run, health outcomes like morbidity from respiratory disorders are influenced by environmental stress (PM10) besides the level of GDPPC. Finally, the environmental stress (PM10) is determined by the level of per capita GDP and the air pollution index (API) representing various sources of air pollution. It is true that our simplified model illustrates the effects of specific type of air pollutant, viz., respirable particulate matter, however, it is among the most significant environmental problems threatening human health in India. Nevertheless, there is scope to build more comprehensive environmental stress indices which reflect surface water quality, ground water quality, soil pollution etc. which have feedback effects with health and economic development. Also many of the components of PI, SI and API may not be truly exogenous in a larger model (e.g. transport and communication in PI, education and health care systems in SI, and industrial production, vehicular traffic, urbanisation in API.) The two weaknesses of our model stem from data limitation and a concern to simplify the model. Although our model is highly simplified, nonetheless, it provides key insights into the nature of economic development in India during the last 25 years: First, the environmental stress has had a high cost on income and health . from the derived reduced form, a 1 percent increase in the air pollution index leads to a decrease of about 8 percent in the per capita income, a decrease of about 0.7 percent in the life expectancy, and an increase of about 19 percent in the number of cases of respiratory diseases. Second, the social infrastructure plays a more vital role in economic development, health, and environment than the physical infrastructure, since the absolute values of elasticities of endogenous variables with respect to SI are invariably greater than those with respect to PI. Although physical infrastructure is important for economic development, it comes in the last of our preference order. In the final run-up, there is need to pay more attention to provide better social infrastructure and to reduce air pollution.

Leveraging Public Funded Research for India’s Economic Emergence: The Role of IPR

Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy 2011This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.India's emergence in the world economy may be largely attributed to its sustained efforts towards technological learning, capacity building and innovation. At this juncture, India's transition to a knowledge economy could be facilitated by harnessing the rich research potential of its public funded institutions. It is in this context that we take a fresh look at India's public funded research for technological advancement focussing on IPR and related concerns. We conclude that a hurriedly implemented IPR law, as envisaged in the ̒Indian Bayh-Dole Bill 2008̓, can hardly be expected to act as an instant magic formula to energise Indian academic research for commercial application

Aprendizagem e inovação na indústria farmacêutica indiana: o papel da

Through the decades of 1970s and 1980s, the Indian pharmaceutical industry (IPR) reached new heights of process capabilities. At the present juncture, however, the industry is at a watershed, trying to cope with the challenges of globalisation and reforms. It is going through a turbulent phase of adjustment driven by the emerging international economic order of the WTO, especially the TRIPS agreement establishing a new IPR environment. The aim of this paper is to explore the trajectory of learning and innovation in the IPR as it evolved through the various phases of government policy environment and IPR regimes. We conclude that although India has reached impressive heights of technological maturity in pharmaceuticals, it is yet to arrive at the global frontiers of cutting edge drug discovery research. This can only be achieved through sustained technological effort and continued R&D.Durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980, a indústria farmacêutica indiana (IFI) atingiu patamares impressionantes de maturidade tecnólogica. Na conjuntura atual, porém, a indústria se encontra tentando enfrentar os desafios da globalização e reformas. Ela está passando por uma fase turbulenta de ajuste orientada pela ordem econômica internacional emergente da Organização Mundial do Comércio, especialmente o contrato TRIPS estabelecendo um novo ambiente IFI. O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar a trajetória da aprendizagem e inovação na IFI conforme ela evoluiu através das diversas fases do ambiente político de governo e regimes IFI. Nós concluímos que embora a Índia tenha atingido patamares impressionantes de maturidade tecnológica na indústria farmacêutica, ela ainda tem que chegar às fronteiras globais da pesquisa de ponta de descoberta de medicamentos. Isto somente pode ser alcançado através do esforço tecnológico sustentado e pesquisa e desenvolvimento contínuos

Learning and innovation in the indian pharmaceutical industry: the role of IPR and other policy interventions

Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T11:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 20.pdf: 534518 bytes, checksum: 6067819b82cfd2821c495f8ad93f70df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008Jawaharlal Nehru University. Nova Deli, Índia.Durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980, a indústria farmacêutica indiana (IFI) atingiu patamares impressionantes de maturidade tecnólogica. Na conjuntura atual, porém, a indústria se encontra tentando enfrentar os desafios da globalização e reformas. Ela está passando por uma fase turbulenta de ajuste orientada pela ordem econômica internacional emergente da Organização Mundial do Comércio, especialmente o contrato TRIPS estabelecendo um novo ambiente IFI. O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar a trajetória da aprendizagem e inovação na IFI conforme ela evoluiu através das diversas fases do ambiente político de governo e regimes IFI. Nós concluímos que embora a Índia tenha atingido patamares impressionantes de maturidade tecnológica na indústria farmacêutica, ela ainda tem que chegar às fronteiras globais da pesquisa de ponta de descoberta de medicamentos. Isto somente pode ser alcançado através do esforço tecnológico sustentado e pesquisa e desenvolvimento contínuos.Through the decades of 1970s and 1980s, the Indian pharmaceutical industry (IPR) reached new heights of process capabilities. At the present juncture, however, the industry is at a watershed, trying to cope with the challenges of globalisation and reforms. It is going through a turbulent phase of adjustment driven by the emerging international economic order of the WTO, especially the TRIPS agreement establishing a new IPR environment. The aim of this paper is to explore the trajectory of learning and innovation in the IPR as it evolved through the various phases of government policy environment and IPR regimes. We conclude that although India has reached impressive heights of technological maturity in pharmaceuticals, it is yet to arrive at the global frontiers of cutting edge drug discovery research. This can only be achieved through sustained technological effort and continued R&D

Emerging through Technological Capability: An Overview of India’s Technological Trajectory

In this paper an overview of India’s technological trajectory with a view to understanding the nuances of India’s technological capability and the role it has played in the process of India’s economic progress. [WP No. 227].technology, growth, technological, India, economic progress, LEARNING, TFP, IPR, economy, total factor productivity growth, USA, Japan, prouctivity, human capital accumulation, labor force, Neoclassical