Serum levels of protein degradation products.

<p>Relative levels of serum protein degradation products, including acetylated amino acids, dipeptides, and urea cycle intermediates. Serum levels of each metabolite were compared using paired Welch's <i>t</i> tests, and <i>q</i> values were calculated to account for false discovery rates to correct for multiple comparisons.</p><p>Serum levels of protein degradation products.</p

Global network analysis of relative measured metabolites in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and severe AAH.

<p>Red nodes depict metabolites that are increased in severe AAH when compared to alcoholic cirrhosis; yellow nodes depict metabolites that are decreased in severe AAH when compared to alcoholic cirrhosis.</p

Schematic representations of altered serum metabolites involved in glucose utilization and TCA cycle activity in severe AAH.

<p>(A) Glucose utilization pathways. (B) TCA cycle.</p

Schematic representations of altered fatty acid omega-oxidation and lysolipid and phospholipid turnover in severe AAH.

<p>(A) Fatty acid omega-oxidation. (B) Lysolipid and phospholipid turnover.</p

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients.

<p>Baseline characteristics of patients. All values are expressed as medians and IQRs unless otherwise specified. Continuous variables were compared with Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test. Categorical variables were compared with Fisher's exact test. N/A: not applicable; NS: not signifnicant (<i>p</i>>0.05).</p><p>Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients.</p

Alterations in serum levels of metabolites derived from intestinal microbial benzoate metabolism in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (hepatitis) and stable alcoholic cirrhosis (control).

<p>* <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001.</p

Serum levels of significantly altered metabolites between AAH survivors and nonsurvivors.

<p>Relative levels of serum metabolites between survivors and nonsurvivors with severe AAH. Serum levels of each metabolite were compared using paired Welch's <i>t</i> tests, and <i>q</i> values were calculated to account for false discovery rates to correct for multiple comparisons. AA, amino acid; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; FA, fatty acid. *Fold change Survivor vs. Non-survivor.</p><p>Serum levels of significantly altered metabolites between AAH survivors and nonsurvivors.</p

Alterations in inflammation-associated metabolites in AAH.

<p>(A) Serum levels of tryptophan metabolites in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (hepatitis) and stable alcoholic cirrhosis (control). (B) Schematic representation of altered indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in severe AAH. (C) Serum levels of lipid-derived inflammatory mediators in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (hepatitis) and stable alcoholic cirrhosis (control). * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001. IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; IFN-γ, interferon-γ.</p

Alterations in serum bile acid levels in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis (hepatitis) and stable alcoholic cirrhosis (control).

<p>(A) Secondary bile acids. (B) Sulfated bile acids. (C) Products of gut microbial bile acid metabolism. (D) Schematic representation of altered bile acid turnover in severe AAH. * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001.</p

Metabolic predictors of 180-day survival in severe AAH by logistic regression analysis.

<p>Univariable logistic regression analysis for metabolic predictors of 180-day survival in severe AAH. AA, amino acid; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; FA, fatty acid; O.R., odds ratio; C.I., confidence interval.</p><p>Metabolic predictors of 180-day survival in severe AAH by logistic regression analysis.</p