Comparative techniques for detecting mastitis disease in bovine milk samples

Objective-The objective of our study is to analyze various techniques that are applied for detecting mastitis disease in milk samples.Methods- In this study, we collect milk samples (n=100) from different dairy farms and diagnosed through various tests. In addition, flow cytometric analysis was also performed for milk samples in order to analyzed lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes count.Results- The results of these studies showed that California mastitis Test (CMT) showed much more positive results against mastitis disease as compared to other techniques whereas flow cytometric results revealed that during mastitis disease, there is enhancement in granulocytes count.Conclusion- Out of these techniques, CMT is the most reliable and cost effective method for detecting mastitis disease

Synthesis of Gold Nanoanisotrops Using Dioscorea bulbifera

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles employing plant extracts and thereby development of an environmentally benign process is an important branch of nanotechnology. Here, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract (DBTE) as the reducing agent is reported. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of gold ions to AuNPs. The anisotropic nanoparticles consist of a mixture of gold nanotriangles, nanoprisms, nanotrapezoid, and spheres. The kinetics of particle formation was time dependent and was enhanced by the increase of temperature from 6°C to 50°C, the optimum being 50°C. The optimum concentration of chloroauric acid was found to be 1 mM. Complete reduction of the metal ions within 5 hours by DBTE highlights the development of a novel ecofriendly route of biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles. This is the first paper on synthesis of gold nanoparticles using DBTE

Antidiabetic Activity of Gnidia glauca

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting about 220 million people worldwide. One of the most critical complications of diabetes is post-prandial hyper-glycemia (PPHG). Glucosidase inhibitor and α-amylase inhibitors are class of compounds that help in managing PPHG. Low-cost herbal treatment is recommended due to their lesser side effect for treatment of diabetes. Two plants with significant traditional therapeutic potential, namely, Gnidia glauca and Dioscorea bulbifera, were tested for their efficiency to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Stem, leaf, and flower of G. glauca and bulb of D. bulbifera were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol as well as separately with 70% ethanol. Petroleum ether extract of flower of G. glauca was found to inhibit α-amylase significantly (78.56%). Extracts were further tested against crude murine pancreatic, small intestinal, and liver glucosidase enzyme which revealed excellent inhibitory properties. α-glucosidase inhibition provided a strong in vitro evidence for confirmation of both G. glauca and D. bulbifera as excellent antidiabetic remedy. This is the first report of its kind that provides a strong biochemical basis for management of type II diabetes using G. glauca and D. bulbifera. These results provide intense rationale for further in vivo and clinical study

Synthesis, computational study and glycosidase inhibitory activity of polyhydroxylated conidine alkaloids - a bicyclic iminosugar

New bicyclic conidine iminosugars 1d and 1e were synthesized from D-glucose. Thus, D-glucose was converted to sugar β-amino acids 3a and 3b in good yields. Individual treatment of 3a/3b with the Mukaiyama reagent afforded sugar β-lactams 4a/4b that on reduction with LiAlH4/AlCl3 gave azetidines 5a/5b with a sugar appendage. Reductive aminocyclization of sugar azetidines 5a/5b afforded the corresponding conidine iminosugars 1d/1e. Based on the 1H NMR and DFT calculation studies the conformation of 1d was assigned as half chair A2 and that of 1e as a boat B2. The glycosidase inhibitory activities of 1d and 1e such as α-mannosidase, α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase were studied. The α-amylase activity was compared with acarbose. Compound 1d was found to be a moderate inhibitor of glycosidases while 1e was noticed to be a good inhibitor of α-mannosidase and a moderate inhibitor of other glycosidases. These results were substantiated by molecular docking studies using WHAT IF software and the AUTODOCK 3.0 program

Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging activity of medicinal plants Gnidia glauca and Dioscorea bulbifera.

Gnidia glauca and Dioscorea bulbifera are traditional medicinal plants that can be considered as sources of natural antioxidants. Herein we report the phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging activity of their sequential extracts. Phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. Scavenging activity was checked against pulse radiolysis generated ABTS(•+) and OH radical, in addition to DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by biochemical methods followed by principal component analysis. G. glauca leaf extracts were rich in phenolic and flavonoid content. Ethyl acetate extract of D. bulbifera bulbs and methanol extract of G. glauca stem exhibited excellent scavenging of pulse radiolysis generated ABTS(•+) radical with a second order rate constant of 2.33 × 10(6) and 1.72 × 10(6), respectively. Similarly, methanol extract of G. glauca flower and ethyl acetate extract of D. bulbifera bulb with second order rate constants of 4.48 × 10(6) and 4.46 × 10(6) were found to be potent scavengers of pulse radiolysis generated OH radical. G. glauca leaf and stem showed excellent reducing activity and free radical scavenging activity. HPTLC fingerprinting, carried out in mobile phase, chloroform: toluene: ethanol (4: 4: 1, v/v) showed presence of florescent compound at 366 nm as well as UV active compound at 254 nm. GC-TOF-MS analysis revealed the predominance of diphenyl sulfone as major compound in G. glauca. Significant levels of n-hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid were also present. Diosgenin (C₂₇H₄₂O₃) and diosgenin (3á,25R) acetate were present as major phytoconstituents in the extracts of D. bulbifera. G. glauca and D. bulbifera contain significant amounts of phytochemicals with antioxidative properties that can be exploited as a potential source for herbal remedy for oxidative stress induced diseases. These results rationalize further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive principles from these two important medicinal plants

Pulse radiolysis generated OH radical scavenging by plant extracts.

<p>Pulse radiolysis generated OH radical scavenging by plant extracts.</p

Superoxide radical scavenging activity of plant extracts.

<p>AA = Ascorbic acid; the data is indicated as the mean ± SEM; [<i>n = </i>3]. Data with asterisk (*) shows significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05), two-tailed student t-test.</p

Main compounds detected by GC-TOF-MS.

<p>Main compounds detected by GC-TOF-MS.</p