The Effect of Fatigue on the Time to Stability in Jumping and Landing in Football Players Who Have Undergone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Jumping and landing are common activities in soccer that are often reported in connection with anterior cruciate ligament injury. As most injuries occur during fatigue, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on the component of time to stability (TTS) during landing between healthy soccer players and soccer players who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Methods: This quasi-experimental study included 24 professional soccer players who were divided into control and experimental groups. Twelve active professional soccer players (control group) and 12 soccer players with 6-24 months of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring graft (experimental group) participated in this study. Athletes jumped and landed on the obstacle to a height of 7.5 cm. After the fatigue protocol, these movements were repeated. TTS data was collected using force plate. MANOVA test at the significant level of p <0.05 was used to compare pre-test and post-test data between the groups.Results: According to the results of this study, fatigue did not affect the time to stability in any of the anterior-posterior (p=0.104), internal-external (p=0.668), or vertical components (p=0.894) between the two groups, and fatigue could not make a significant difference between the two groups. Moreover, before fatigue, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in any of the components.Conclusion: It seems that a plyometric fatigue training session will not be effective in differentiating between healthy soccer players and soccer players who have had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

بایسته‌های اخلاقی کشف جرم از منظر اسناد، موازین و رویه‌های حقوق بشر

Background and Aim: Crime detection is the first stage of a fair trial, about which several legal and ethical requirements have been raised and similar approaches in this field can be seen in human rights documents, standards and procedures. Considering the constructive role of ethical principles in the development and improvement of the fair trial process, including in the stage of crime detection, the present study investigates the ethical requirements of crime detection from the perspective of human rights documents, standards and procedures. Methods: The present research is theoretical and the method used in it is descriptive-analytical. Information collection has also been done in a library way by referring to books, articles, documents and websites. Ethical Considerations: In writing this article, ethical principles including fidelity, honesty and originality of the text have been observed. &nbsp;&nbsp; Results: Crime detection in the judicial process, in addition to observing legal principles and rules, requires compliance with moral principles and requirements, including the prohibition of torture, the principle of acquittal and innocence of the accused, as well as the prohibition of interference in personal life. The moral obligation of prohibiting torture is the negation of any physical harassment in open and hidden dimensions which is so in conflict with fundamental human rights by using psychological methods. The principle of acquittal is a right and even a privilege for the accused, which, in addition to finding people innocent before presenting the reasons, requires the claimant to prove the reasons. The principle of prohibition of interference in private life also emphasizes the right to live freely without the illegitimate interference of individuals and public and private entities. &nbsp;&nbsp; Conclusion: Ethical requirements are the means of developing legal principles and implementing international, regional and national human rights declarations and recommendations. Meanwhile, the three principles of the prohibition of torture, the principle of innocence, as well as the prohibition of interference in the private lives of individuals, are stable and common principles in human rights documents, which, of course, need to be developed in tandem with technological and communication developments which may violate human rights in various ways during the crime detection stage. Dealing with cases of violation of the accused's rights at the stage of crime detection from a moral point of view requires serious determination and binding of human rights declarations at the global, regional and national levels. Please cite this article as: Kazemi A, Shamloo B, Alimoradi A, Ahmadi Moosavi SM. Ethical Requirements of Crime Detection from the Perspective of Human Rights Documents, Standards and Procedures. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e6.زمینه و هدف: کشف جرم اولین مرحله از دادرسی عادلانه است که الزامات حقوقی، قانونی و اخلاقی متعددی درباره آن مطرح شده است، از جمله در اسناد، موازین و رویه‌های حقوق بشری، رویکردهای مشابهی در این زمینه دیده می‌شوند. با توجه به نقش سازنده اصول اخلاقی در توسعه و بهبود فرایند دادرسی عادلانه، از جمله در مرحله کشف جرم، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی بایسته‌های اخلاقی کشف جرم از منظر اسناد، موازین و رویه‌های حقوق بشری می‌پردازد. روش: نوع پژوهش حاضر، نظری و روش به کارگرفته‌شده در آن، توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است. جمع‌آوری اطلاعات نیز به شیوه کتابخانه‌ای و با مراجعه به کتب، مقالات، اسناد و پایگاه‌های اینترنتی صورت گرفته است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: در مقاله حاضر اصول اخلاقی نگارش شامل امانتداری، صداقت و اصالت متن، رعایت گردیده است. &nbsp; یافته‌ها: کشف جرم در فرایند دادرسی، علاوه بر رعایت اصول و قواعد قانونی و حقوقی، نیازمند پیروی از اصول و الزامات اخلاقی از جمله منع شکنجه، مبناقراردادن اصل برائت و بی‌گناهی متهم و همچنین منع دخالت و تجسس در زندگی شخصی است. الزام اخلاقی منع شکنجه، نفی هرگونه آزار و اذیت جسمی در ابعاد آشکار و پنهان است که با به کارگیری شیوه‌های روانی، در تعارض با حقوق بنیادین بشری است. اصل برائت یک حق و حتی امتیاز برای متهم است که علاوه بر بی‌گناه‌دانستن افراد قبل از ارائه دلایل، مدعی را به اثبات دلایل ملزم می‌نماید. اصل منع دخالت در زندگی خصوصی نیز حق حیات و زندگی آزادانه را بدون مداخله غیرمشروع افراد و نهادهای عمومی و خصوصی، مورد تأکید قرار می‌دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: بایسته‌های اخلاقی، ابزاری برای تکامل‌بخشیدن به اصول حقوقی و اجراشدن اعلامیه‌ها و توصیه‌های حقوق بشری بین‌المللی، منطقه‌ای و ملی، هستند. در این میان سه اصل منع شکنجه، اصل برائت و بی‌گناهی و همچنین منع دخالت و تجسس در زندگی خصوصی افراد، اصولی پایدار و مشترک در اسناد حقوق بشری به شمار می­روند که البته نیازمند توسعه همگام با پیشرفت‌های تکنولوژیکی و ارتباطی هستند که به انحای مختلف، حقوق انسانی را در مرحله کشف جرم نقض می‌کنند. مقابله با موارد نقض حقوق متهمین در مرحله کشف جرم از منظر اخلاقی نیازمند عزم جدی و الزام‌آورشدن اعلامیه‌های حقوق بشری در سطوح جهانی، منطقه‌ای و ملی و ایجاد صدای واحدی در این زمینه است