Ethanolic extract of <i>Ferula gummosa</i> is cytotoxic against cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest

<div><p><i>Ferula gummosa</i> Boiss. has medicinal applications in treating a wide range of diseases including cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activities of the seed and gum extracts of <i>F. gummosa</i> as well as to study the effect of the potent extract on the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Our results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract had the lowest IC₅₀ value at 72 h (0.001 ± 1.2 mg/mL) in BHY cells. Moreover, flowcytometry and annexin-V analysis revealed that the ethanolic extract induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in BHY cells at G1/S phase. In addition, colorimetric methods exhibited the highest amount of total phenolics and flavonoids in the aqueous and gum extracts (0.12 ± 0.037, 0.01 ± 2.51 mg/g of dry powder). Generally, the results obtained indicate that <i>F. gummosa</i> ethanol extract may contain effective compounds which can be used as a chemotherapeutic agent.</p></div

MOESM1 of Comparative study of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles and prediction of host-interactions with TLR signaling pathways

Additional file 1. Expression analysis of TLRs and interleukins in Caco2 stimulation. Caco2 after 24 h stimulation with OMVs. Data are presented as fold-change compared to untreated control cells. Statistical differences were assessed by the t-test. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, versus control cells

MOESM2 of Comparative study of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles and prediction of host-interactions with TLR signaling pathways

Additional file 2. Clustergram plot of genes involved in TLRs signalling pathways. In order to demonstrate a heat map dendrograms, showing the co-regulated genes, a clustergram for the entire dataset was mapped, using non-supervised hierarchical clustering