Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex agnus castus fruit in mice

زمینه و هدف: از آنجا که در طب سنتی اثرات ضد دردی و ضد التهابی به گیاه پنج انگشت نسبت داده شده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات ضد دردی و ضد التهابی عصاره هیدروالکلی میوه گیاه پنج انگشت ((Vitex agnus- castus در موش کوچک نر نژاد آزمایشگاهی NMRI انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی از 112 سر موش نر بالغ نژاد NMRI استفاده شد. در تست التهاب، حیوانات به 7 گروه شاهد، کنترل مثبت (دریافت کننده دگزامتازون با دوز mg/kg15) و پنج گروه دریافت کننده دوزهای 265، 365، 465، 565 و 665 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم عصاره هیدروالکلی میوه پنج انگشت تقسیم و برای ایجاد التهاب از گزیلن استفاده شد. جهت بررسی اثر ضد دردی عصاره، تست فرمالین مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در این تست نیز حیوانات به 7 گروه شاهد، کنترل مثبت (دریافت کننده مورفین با دوز mg/kg 10) و پنج گروه دریافت کننده عصاره تقسیم شدند. تزریقات به روش داخل صفاقی و 30 دقیقه قبل از شروع هر تست انجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آماری آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و سپس توکی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: تمام دوزهای عصاره اثر ضد التهابی قابل ملاحظه ای را در مهار التهاب گوش، ناشی از گزیلن در مقایسه با گروه شاهد نشان داد (05/0

Sensor fault detection and isolation for a class of uncertain nonlinear system using sliding mode observers

Quick and timely fault detection is of great importance in control systems reliability. Undetected faulty sensors could result in irreparable damages. Although fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods in control systems have received much attention in the last decade, these techniques have not been applied for some classes of nonlinear systems yet. This paper deals with the issues of sensor fault detection and isolation for a class of Lipschitz uncertain nonlinear system. By introducing a coordinate transformation matrix for states and output, the original system is first divided into two subsystems. The first subsystem is affected by uncertainty and disturbance. The second subsystem just has sensor faults. The nonlinear term is separated to linear and pure nonlinear parts. For fault detection, two sliding mode observers (SMO) are designed for the two subsystems. The stability condition is obtained based on the Lyapunov approach. The necessary matrices and parameters are obtained by solving the linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem. Furthermore, two sliding mode observers are designed for fault isolation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by simulation examples

Illustrate the Butterfly Effect on the Chaos Rikitake system

This letter presents butterfly effect on a Chaos system. In this letter we want to briefly introduce Chaos Rikitake system and monitor the butterfly effect on this system. In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependency on initial conditions. For this goal at the first we suppose initiation point and plot it, for base of work, later will apply small change on one item of initiation point and monitor behavior of Rikitake system. At the end we want to reclaim the famous lecture of Edward Lorenz in 1972 “Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?”. The numerical simulations by use of MATLAB software are given to illustrate the butterfly effect on this system

Promjene u RF-amidu srodnom peptidu-3 hipotalamusa i ekspresijama gena Kiss1 tijekom spermatogeneze kod štakora u uvjetima kroničnog stresa.

The effects were evaluated of chronic stress and the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) on mRNA expressions of RF-amide related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and Kiss1 in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of male rats. Twenty-four male rats were allocated to four equal sized groups: the stress, RU486, stress/RU486, and control groups. In the stress group the rats were restrained 1 hour/day for 12 days. In the RU486 group, the rats were injected with RU486 for 12 days. In the stress/RU486 group, the rats were injected with RU486 1 hour before the stress process for 12 days. Relative expressions of RFRP-3 and Kiss1 mRNAs were determined using real-time PCR. The relative expression of RFRP-3 mRNA in the stress group was higher than that in the RU486 and control rats. The relative expression of RFRP-3 mRNA did not differ between the stress group and the stress/RU486 rats. Furthermore, the relative expressions of Kiss1 mRNA in the stress, RU486, and stress/RU486 groups were less than that of the control rats. The relative expression of Kiss1 mRNA did not differ between the stress, RU486, and stress/RU486 groups. In conclusion, dysfunction in male rat fertility caused by the chronic stress may be the result of the increase in REFP-3 and the decrease in Kiss1 mRNA expression.Istražen je učinak kroničnog stresa i antagonista glukokortikoidnog receptora (RU486) na ekspresiju mRNA RF-amidu srodnog peptida-3 (RFRP-3) u dorzomedijalnoj jezgri hipotalamusa (DMH), te na ekspresije gena Kiss1 u arkuatnom nukleusu (ARC) štakora. Dvadeset i četiri štakora bila su raspodijeljena u četiri jednake skupine: stresna skupina, RU486 skupina, stresna/RU486 skupina i kontrolna skupina. U stresnoj skupini štakori su 12 dana bili obuzdani tijekom jednog sata dnevno. U skupini RU486, štakorima je tijekom 12 dana bio primijenjivan RU486. U skupini stres/RU486, štakorima je tijekom 12 dana apliciran RU486 jedan sat prije postupka obuzdavanja. Relativne ekspresije RFRP-3 i Kiss1 mRNA određene su lančanom reakcijom polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu. Relativna ekspresija RFRP-3 mRNA u stresnoj skupini bila je veća nego u skupini RU486 i kontrolnoj skupini. Relativna ekspresija RFRP-3 mRNA nije bila različita između stresne skupine i stres/RU486 skupine. Nadalje, relativne ekspresije Kiss1 mRNA u stresnoj skupini, skupini RU486, i stresnoj skupini/RU486 bile su manje u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Relativna ekspresija Kiss1 mRNA nije se razlikovala između stresne skupine, skupineRU486 i stresne skupine/RU486. Zaključno, disfunkcija plodnosti kod štakora izloženih kroničnom stresu može biti uzrokovana putem povećane ekspresije RFRP-3 i smanjene ekspresije Kiss1 mRNA