Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis isolates among Women with Cervicitis Referred to Karaj Health Care Centers

Background and Objectives: Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria often found in the normal flora of the mouth, respiratory system and urogenital tract; but potentially pathogenic species also exist which can cause serious respiratory and genital diseases in human including postpartum fever, pelvic inflammatory infections, and pyelonephritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis in women who referred to the health centers in Karaj and investigate the susceptibility of M. genitalium strains against Fluoroquinolone antibiotics.Materials & Methods: Endocervical swabs were taken from 200 women with cervicitis. Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) were performed for detecting Mgpa gene in M. genitalium and RNH gene in M. hominis. Mutations in parC and gyrA genes, as well as antibiotic resistance, were studied in positive samples of M. genitalium.Results: 9 M. genitalium and 11 M. hominis positive samples were found among samples obtained from women with cervicitis. Positive samples of M.genitalium were examined for isolating the parC and gyrA genes. Six sequences of these genes were analyzed by MEGA5 software. Mutation in parC gene was observed in one sequence which %16 shows resistance.Conclusion: M. hominis and M. genitalium were detected in 5.5% and 4.5% of samples, respectively. Our findings showed a relatively medium prevalence of M. hominis and M. genitalium in women with cervicitis in Alborz province. The sequencing results of gyrA and parC genes in this study represent the occurrence of mutations which drive fluoroquinolones resistance. Therefore, further studies are necessary in this area and to overcome this problem irregular prescribing limited and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in treatment to be considered

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Against Enterotoxogenic and Enterohemorrahgic E. coli

Background and Aims: Probiotics are useful microorganisms for health of communities. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the effective microorganisms for treating of functional and gastrointestinal diseases in order to control pathogens. Enterohemorrahgic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Enterotoxogenic (ETEC) are common pathogenic strains in all the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of S. cerevisiae probiotic yeast on the growth of ETEC and EHEC. Materials and Methods: For preparation of the supernatant extract, the yeast suspension was centrifuged, and then, the supernatant was filtered. Extraction with ethyl acetate was performed in three hours. For preparation of lysate, the precipitate was washed and centrifuged. The supernatant was removed and sterilize distilled water was added. Cell lysis was performed by sonication and the liquid was centrifuged and filtered. Then, the MIC and MBC were determined by micro dilution method. The concentration range was 16-8192 μg/ml. Results: The MIC and MBC of the supernatant against both ETEC and EHEC were 4096 μg/ml and 8192 μg/ml, respectively. Lysate in any of the concentrations showed no inhibitory effects on strains.  Conclusions: The supernatant of S. cerevisiae has an inhibitory effect on growth of ETEC and EHEC. The lysate, probably due to the richness of the nutrients required for bacterial growth and not containing antibacterial compound, did not lead to such a repressive effect

Effect of Supernatant Extract and Cell Lysate of Probiotic Yeast of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on Biofilm and Alginate Production in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Background and Aims: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potent pathogen for humans using multiple virulence factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysates and supernatants on biofilm, alginate factors. Materials and Methods: First, the supernatant extract and lysate were prepared from the native strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and turned into dry powder. Then, supernatant and lysate extracts were admixed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 and strain M 8821, respectively, and biofilm in the strain PAO1 and alginate in strain 8821 M by Colorimetric method is measured by reading Optical Density(OD) also mention to the wave length. Supernatant with MIC concentration of 1/2 in both experiments and all concentrations of lysates in biofilm test and the highest concentration of lysates in alginate test were used. Results: Supernatant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a concentration of 1 / 2MIC (0.512 mg / ml) with P <0.05 significantly reduced the production of alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8821 M  strain, but did not affect biofilm in  Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strain respectively, with all concentrations and the highest concentration (8.192 mg / ml) with P <0.05 significantly reduced the production of biofilms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 and alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8821 M strain. Conclusion: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the options that probiotic studies can examine its effects on virulence pathogens, but requires the ultimate goal of producing probiotic drugs