Učinci demineralizirane pločice rasta kostiju telećeg ploda na cijeljenje kostiju u kunića kao pokusnom modelu.

The following study was designed to evaluate demineralized calf foetal growth plate (DCFGP) effects on bone healing process. A critical size defect (10 mm) was created in the radial diaphysis of 20 rabbits and then supplied with DCFGP (treatment group, n = 10) or the defect was left empty (control group, n = 10). Radiographs of each forelimb were taken postoperatively on the 1st day and at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks post injury to evaluate bone formation, union and remodeling of the defect. The operated radiuses were removed on the 56th postoperative day and were evaluated for histopathological criteria. This study demonstrated that DCFGP, as a xenogenic biomaterial, could promote bone regeneration in critical size defects with a high regenerative capacity, and could be an attractive alternative for reconstruction of the major diaphyseal defects of the long bones in animal models.Istraživanje je poduzeto s ciljem da se procijene učinci demineralizirane pločice rasta kostiju telećeg ploda na proces cijeljenja kostiju. Kritični defekt (10 mm) učinjen je na dijafizi palčane kosti 20 kunića i tada nadomješten demineraliziranom pločicom rasta telećeg ploda (pokusna skupina n = 10) ili je defekt ostao nenadomješten (kontrolna skupina n = 10). Radiografske snimke svih prednjih nogu učinjene su 1. dana te 2., 4., 6., i 8. tjedna nakon operacije da bi se procijenila obnova kostiju, spajanje defekata i oblikovanje kostiju. Operirane palčane kosti bile su uzete 56. dana nakon operacije i procijenjene na osnovi histopatoloških kriterija. Istraživanje je pokazalo da demineralizirane pločice rasta kao ksenogeni biološki materijal mogu potaknuti regeneraciju kostiju u kritičnim defektima s visokom regenerativnom sposobnošću i mogu biti dobra zamjena za rekontrukciju većih dijafiznih defekata dugih kostiju na životinjskom modelu

Učinci intra-artikularno primijenjenog tramadola na histopatološki nalaz koljenog zgloba u štakora.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intra-articular injections of saline and tramadol on the articular cartilage in rat knee joints. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats were used in this experiment. They were randomly assigned to two groups, control (n = 5) and experimental (n = 20) and the latter was subdivided into four groups (each group n = 5). Saline was administered intra-articularly into the knee joints in the controls (group 1) and tramadol with different doses was injected into the knee joints of the experimental groups. In groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 different concentrations, 0.1, 0.25, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/mL respectively, of available tramadol were administrated intra-articularly into the knee joints. The results showed that there were no pathological changes in the saline-treated control joints (P>0.05). Joints treated with tramadol displayed significantly more pathological changes than the saline joints (P0.05). Joints that received tramadol in group 3 (0.25 mg/mL) showed no significant difference as compared with control joints in all histological indices, except for cell count. Joints treated with tramadol in groups 4 and 5 revealed significant histological changes compared to control joints in all histological indices. We conclude that intra-articular tramadol in high dosages (especially 2.5 mg/mL) causes histopathological changes in rat knee joints.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak primjene fiziološke otopine soli i tramadola na hrskavicu koljenog zgloba štakora. U pokusu je korišteno 25 odraslih Wistar štakora koji su metodom slučajnog izbora bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine, kontrolnu (n = 5) i pokusnu (n = 20). Pokusna skupina je naknadno podijeljena u 4 podskupine po 5 štakora. Fiziološka otopina bila je unesena u koljeni zglob štakora kontrolne skupine (skupina 1), dok je tramadol bio primijenjen u različitim dozama u koljeni zglob štakora pokusnih skupina. Skupina 2 primila je 0,1 mg/mL, skupina 3 primila je 0,25 mg/mL, dok su skupine 4 i 5 primile 1,0 odnosno 2,5 mg/mL tramadola. Rezultati su pokazali da nije bilo patoloških promjena u zglobovima kontrolne skupine (P>0,05). Zglobovi u koje je bio primijenjen tramadol pokazali su značajno (P0,05) između skupine 2 koja je primila tramadol i skupine kojoj je bila primijenjena fiziološka otopina kuhinjske soli. U štakora skupine 3, kojima je u zglobove bio primijenjen tramadol u količini od 0,25 mg/mL, također nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu za sve histološke pokazatelje osim za broj stanica. Primjena tramadola u zglobove štakora u skupinama 4 i 5 dovela je u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom do značajnih promjena svih histoloških pokazatelja. Na temelju navedenih rezultata, zaključuje se da primjena većih doza tramadola (osobito 2,5 mg/mL) u koljeni zglob štakora dovodi do histopatoloških promjena

Učinak kortikalnog autopresatka, komercijalnog pripravka demineralizirane koštane matrice, demineralizirane koštane matrice telećeg ploda i praška od epifizealnog diska telećeg ploda na cijeljenje kostiju u kunića.

Trauma, developmental anomalies, infection, and pathological injuries can lead to defects in the bony skeleton and it is a current challenge for surgeons and investigators to restore lost tissues. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of cortical autograft, commercial-demineralized bone matrix (DBM), calf fetal demineralized bone matrix and calf fetal growth plate powder on bone healing in a rabbit model. Five round defects were created on a tibial bone with an electric drill in ten adult white New Zealand rabbits. One of the defects was left empty as a control group but the other defects were filled with different biomaterials. Radiographs of each hind limb were taken postoperatively on the 1st day and at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks post injury, to evaluate the bone healing criteria of the defect. The operated tibial bones were removed on the 42nd postoperative day and evaluated for histopathology criteria. Based on the radiology and histopathology findings of the present study, autografts, commercial-demineralized bone matrix, calf fetal demineralized bone matrix and calf fetal growth plate groups demonstrated superior osteogenic potential in healing of the tibial bone defects in the rabbit model. However, the control group was inferior to the autograft, commercial-DBM, calf fetal DBM and calf fetal growth plate powder groups at this stage.Trauma, razvoj anomalija, infekcije i patološka stanja mogu dovesti do različitih defekata kostiju. Njihovo cijeljenje i obnova izgubljenih tkiva predstavlja veliki izazov za kirurge i istraživače. Ovo istraživanje poduzeto je sa svrhom da se prosude učinci kortikalnog autopresatka, komercijalne demineralizirane koštane matrice, demineralizirane koštane matrice telećeg ploda i praška od epifizealnog diska telećeg ploda na cijeljenje kostiju na kunićjem modelu. Pet okruglih defekata učinjeno je električnim svrdlom na goljeničnoj kosti u 10 bijelih novozelandskih kunića. Kontrolni defekt ostavljen je prazan dok su ostali bili ispunjeni različitim biomaterijalima. Za procjenu cijeljenja defekta učinjene su radiografske slike stražnjih nogu prvog, drugog, četvrtog i šestog tjedna nakon ranjavanja. Operirane goljenične kosti uzete su 42. dana nakon operacije te pretražene patohistološki. Radiološki i patohistološki nalazi pokazali su da autopresadak, komercijalni pripravak demineralizirane koštane matrice, demineralizirana koštana matrica telećeg ploda i prašak od epifizealnog diska telećeg ploda imaju dobar učinak na cijeljenje defekta goljeničnog zgloba u pokusnih kunića. Cijeljenje defekta u kunića kontrolne skupine bilo je slabije

Učinak kortikalnog autopresatka, komercijalnog pripravka demineralizirane koštane matrice, demineralizirane koštane matrice telećeg ploda i praška od epifizealnog diska telećeg ploda na cijeljenje kostiju u kunića.

Trauma, developmental anomalies, infection, and pathological injuries can lead to defects in the bony skeleton and it is a current challenge for surgeons and investigators to restore lost tissues. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of cortical autograft, commercial-demineralized bone matrix (DBM), calf fetal demineralized bone matrix and calf fetal growth plate powder on bone healing in a rabbit model. Five round defects were created on a tibial bone with an electric drill in ten adult white New Zealand rabbits. One of the defects was left empty as a control group but the other defects were filled with different biomaterials. Radiographs of each hind limb were taken postoperatively on the 1st day and at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks post injury, to evaluate the bone healing criteria of the defect. The operated tibial bones were removed on the 42nd postoperative day and evaluated for histopathology criteria. Based on the radiology and histopathology findings of the present study, autografts, commercial-demineralized bone matrix, calf fetal demineralized bone matrix and calf fetal growth plate groups demonstrated superior osteogenic potential in healing of the tibial bone defects in the rabbit model. However, the control group was inferior to the autograft, commercial-DBM, calf fetal DBM and calf fetal growth plate powder groups at this stage.Trauma, razvoj anomalija, infekcije i patološka stanja mogu dovesti do različitih defekata kostiju. Njihovo cijeljenje i obnova izgubljenih tkiva predstavlja veliki izazov za kirurge i istraživače. Ovo istraživanje poduzeto je sa svrhom da se prosude učinci kortikalnog autopresatka, komercijalne demineralizirane koštane matrice, demineralizirane koštane matrice telećeg ploda i praška od epifizealnog diska telećeg ploda na cijeljenje kostiju na kunićjem modelu. Pet okruglih defekata učinjeno je električnim svrdlom na goljeničnoj kosti u 10 bijelih novozelandskih kunića. Kontrolni defekt ostavljen je prazan dok su ostali bili ispunjeni različitim biomaterijalima. Za procjenu cijeljenja defekta učinjene su radiografske slike stražnjih nogu prvog, drugog, četvrtog i šestog tjedna nakon ranjavanja. Operirane goljenične kosti uzete su 42. dana nakon operacije te pretražene patohistološki. Radiološki i patohistološki nalazi pokazali su da autopresadak, komercijalni pripravak demineralizirane koštane matrice, demineralizirana koštana matrica telećeg ploda i prašak od epifizealnog diska telećeg ploda imaju dobar učinak na cijeljenje defekta goljeničnog zgloba u pokusnih kunića. Cijeljenje defekta u kunića kontrolne skupine bilo je slabije

Učinci demineralizirane pločice rasta kostiju telećeg ploda na cijeljenje kostiju u kunića kao pokusnom modelu.

The following study was designed to evaluate demineralized calf foetal growth plate (DCFGP) effects on bone healing process. A critical size defect (10 mm) was created in the radial diaphysis of 20 rabbits and then supplied with DCFGP (treatment group, n = 10) or the defect was left empty (control group, n = 10). Radiographs of each forelimb were taken postoperatively on the 1st day and at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks post injury to evaluate bone formation, union and remodeling of the defect. The operated radiuses were removed on the 56th postoperative day and were evaluated for histopathological criteria. This study demonstrated that DCFGP, as a xenogenic biomaterial, could promote bone regeneration in critical size defects with a high regenerative capacity, and could be an attractive alternative for reconstruction of the major diaphyseal defects of the long bones in animal models.Istraživanje je poduzeto s ciljem da se procijene učinci demineralizirane pločice rasta kostiju telećeg ploda na proces cijeljenja kostiju. Kritični defekt (10 mm) učinjen je na dijafizi palčane kosti 20 kunića i tada nadomješten demineraliziranom pločicom rasta telećeg ploda (pokusna skupina n = 10) ili je defekt ostao nenadomješten (kontrolna skupina n = 10). Radiografske snimke svih prednjih nogu učinjene su 1. dana te 2., 4., 6., i 8. tjedna nakon operacije da bi se procijenila obnova kostiju, spajanje defekata i oblikovanje kostiju. Operirane palčane kosti bile su uzete 56. dana nakon operacije i procijenjene na osnovi histopatoloških kriterija. Istraživanje je pokazalo da demineralizirane pločice rasta kao ksenogeni biološki materijal mogu potaknuti regeneraciju kostiju u kritičnim defektima s visokom regenerativnom sposobnošću i mogu biti dobra zamjena za rekontrukciju većih dijafiznih defekata dugih kostiju na životinjskom modelu

Cijeljenje tetivnih ozljeda uporabom G-90 na modelu kunića: biokemijska i histopatološka procjena.

Tendon injuries are one of the most common and disabling acute orthopedic disorders. Several techniques are used to restore the mobility of patients, but all have significant limitations. In some studies utilization of biomaterials has been investigated in the healing of tendons, skin and nerves. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of G-90, as a stimulating factor agent, on the healing of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of rabbits after 35 days post tenotomy and surgical repair. Twenty male rabbits, 12 months old and weighing 2.0 ± 0.5 kg were used in this study. All rabbits were anesthetized, and the superficial flexor tendons of both hind limbs were cut transversely and then sutured with a Bunnel-Mayer suture pattern. After suturing tendons and skin, 0.5 mL of normal saline was injected in the injured tendon area of the left leg and 0.5 mL earthworm extract (EW) G-90 was injected at a concentration of 10 mg/mL into the injured tendon area of the right leg. Every two weeks 4 rabbits were euthanized, and samples were collected and sent for histopathological and biomechanical evaluation. In the histopathological evaluation less inflammation, more maturity of fibrocytes and more aggregation of collagen fibers were observed in tendons treated with G-90 in comparison with untreated tendons. In the biomechanical evaluation the ultimate strength of tendons treated with G-90 was superior to untreated tendons. The findings of the present experiment clearly show that administration of G-90 could enhance the structural and biomechanical properties of the experimentally tenotomized SDFT in rabbits.Ozljede tetiva predstavljaju jedan od najčešćih akutnih ortopedskih poremećaja što dovode do njihove funkcionalne oslabljenosti. Razvijeno je nekoliko postupaka za ponovnu uspostavu pokretnosti pacijenata, ali svi imaju znatna ograničenja. U nekim istraživanjima opisana je uporaba biomaterijala za cijeljenje ozljeda tetiva, kože i živaca. U ovom su radu istraženi učinci G-90, kao stimulacijskog čimbenika cijeljenja tetive površinskog digitalnog fleksora kunića 35 dana nakon tenotomije i kirurškog liječenja. U pokus je bilo uzeto 20 kunića u dobi od 12 mjeseci, tjelesne mase 2,0 ± 0,5 kg. Svim su kunićima pod anestezijom bile poprečno prerezane tetive površinskog digitalnog fleksora stražnjih nogu te potom spojene Bunnel-Mayer-ovim šavom. Nakon šivanja tetive i kože, 0,5 mL fiziološke otopine bilo je ubrizgano u područje tetivne ozljede lijeve noge, a 0,5 mL iscrpka G-90 kišne gujavice u koncentraciji od 10 mg/mL bilo je ubrizgano u područje tetivne ozljede desne noge. Svaka dva tjedna bila su eutanazirana 4 kunića te su im bili uzeti uzorci za patohistološke i biokemijske pretrage. Patohistološkom pretragom tetiva kunića kojima je bio primijenjen G-90 ustanovljena je slabija upala, veća zrelost fibrocita i veće nakupljanje kolagenih vlakana u usporedbi s tetivama kojima nije bio primijenjen G-90. Kod biokemijske procjene konačna čvrstoća tetiva obrađenih s G-90 bila je veća u odnosu na one neobrađene. Rezultati ovog pokusa jasno su pokazali da primjena G-90 može osnažiti strukturu i biokemijska svojstva tetiva kunića nakon tenotomije i kirurškog liječenja

Preparation and Administration of a Controlled-Release Delivery System of Chitosan Hydrogel loaded with Methadone and Piroxicam in Experimental Defect of Tibial in Rats; Histopathological Evaluation

Purpose: In this study, a controlled release drug delivery system loaded with piroxicam and methadone was synthesized and used subcutaneously in rat with experimental tibial defect and healing were assessed histopathologically. Materials and Methods: For this purpose 100 adult female rats were were randomly divided into five equal groups; group control, chitosan group, piroxicam group, methadone group, and piroxicam-methadone group. The morphological structure of the synthesized drug systems was studied by scanning electron microscope. In addition, the structure of the hydrogels was investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and while releasing the hydrogels gelation time, the release of piroxicam and methadone from the hydrogels were evaluated in vitro.   Results: Histological results of the 3rd day of the study showed the lowest extent and severity of inflammation in the chitosan, piroxicam, and piroxicam-methadone groups, while on the 7th day, tissue inflammation and the extent of bleeding was lower in the piroxicam, methadone, and piroxicam-methadone groups than in the other groups. Evaluation of new bone formation on day 21 showed that the chitosan, piroxicam, and methadone groups had better repair than the other groups. Conclusion: It seems that in the control group that did not receive any treatment intervention, following the experimental bone defect, the highest inflammatory response was observed in histological examination and finally the weakest bone repair. On the other hand, the presence of piroxicam, methadone and chitosan in the piroxicam-methadone group (all of which have anti-inflammatory effects) also seems to have a negative effect on repair

Karakterizacija kornjačine demineralizirane koštane matrice i kornjačine kosti u svrhu cijeljenja defekata palčane kosti štakora: radiološka, patohistološka, biomehanička prosudba i prosudba skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom

Bone grafts are used to treat various disorders, including delayed union and nonunion of fractures, congenital pseudoarthrosis, and osseous defects from trauma, infection, and tumors. The disadvantages of allografts, such as disease transmission, have led to the exploration of xenografts as an alternative grafting material. We used turtle DBM and turtle bone grafts in this study. A critical size defect of 2.5 times diameter elongation was created in the radial diaphysis of 16 rats in this study. The rats were divided into 4 groups: defect as control˗, autograft as control+, turtle bone and turtle DBM. The results of radiological, histopathological, biomechanical and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of groups were compared. The biomechanical and radiological evaluation shows that there was no significant difference between groups; but histopathological evaluation shows significant differences between groups in union and cancellous bone. The turtle DBM group had the same result as control+ and was superior to the other groups.Koštani presadci rabe se za liječenje različitih poremećaja kao što je produženo vrijeme cijeljenja prijeloma, izostanak cijeljenja, kongenitalne pseudoartroze i drugi koštani poremećaji zbog traume, infekcije i tumora. Slabe strane alogeničnih presadaka poput primjerice prijenosa bolesti, dovele su do istraživanja upotrebe ksenogeničnih presadaka kao alternative. U radu je rabljena kornjačina demineralizirana koštana matrica i koštani presadci. Kritična veličina defekta od 2,5 puta dužine promjera učinjena je na dijafizi radijalne kosti (žbice) u 16 štakora. Štakori su bili podijeljeni u četiri skupine: negativnu kontrolnu skupinu s učinjenim defektom, pozitivnu kontrolnu skupinu s auto presatkom, skupinu kojoj je bila primijenjena kornjačina kost i skupinu kojoj je bila primijenjena kornjačina demineralizirana koštana matrica. Uspoređeni su rezultati radiološke, patohistološke, biomehaničke prosudbe i prosudbe skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom. Biomehanička i radiološka prosudba pokazala je da nije bilo značajne razlike među skupinama, dok je patohistološka prosudba pokazala značajnu razliku između skupina u cijeljenju i spongioznosti. Skupina kojoj je bila primijenjena kornjačina demineralizirana koštana matrica dala je iste rezultate kao pozitivna kontrolna skupina, što je rezultatski bilo iznad ostalih skupina

Lidocaine Alkalinization with Borate Buffer: Evaluation of Onset and Duration Time of Analgesia in Peripheral Nerve Block in Rat

Abstract Objective: Evaluation of onset and duration of peripheral nerve blockage with alkalinized lidocaine by borate buffer instead of sodium bicarbonate. Study design: Experimental randomized cross-over study. Animals: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 200-300 g) were used in this study. Methods: Four 1.0% lidocaine solutions were prepared from commercially available solutions. The treatment 1(n=10 rats) was lidocaine hydrochloride, treatment 2 was combination of lidocaine and borate buffer, treatment 3 (n=10 rats) was lidocaineepinephrine, treatment 4 (n=10 rats) was lidocaine-epinephrine-borate buffer. each treatment was received 0.1 ml of the agent using a 27-G needle connected to an insulin syringe injected around the sciatic nerve. Time to the onset and duration of the superficial and deep analgesia were recorded and analyzed. The results were expressed as mean ±SD and were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan test as a post hoc for time of onset and duration of analgesia. Graphpad Prism version 5 software program was used for all analyses. Results: Alkalinization of 1.0% lidocaine with or without epinephrine by borate buffer produced a faster onset than lidocaine or the combination of lidocaine and epinephrine. Conclusion and clinical relevance: We conclude that the injection of lidocaine with added borate buffer and 1: 100,000 epinephrine increases the duration of analgesia and reduces the onset of blockade in the rat model. Further studies on the most appropriate * Corresponding author

Usporedba učinkovitosti lidokaina i destilirane vode te lidokaina i magnezijeva sulfata za epiduralnu anesteziju u koza.

Ruminants are generally not considered good subjects for general anaesthesia mainly because of the hazards of regurgitation and inhalation of ruminal contents or saliva into the lungs if the airway is left unprotected. Thus, regional anaesthesia produced by perineural or epidural injections of anaesthetic agents are most frequently employed in these species. The following study was carried out to compare directly the time of onset and duration of analgesia produced by a lidocaine-MgSO4 combination with that produced by lidocaine-distilled water administration in the epidural space of goats. Seven healthy adult (2 ± 0.5 years of age) native goats (49 ± 3 kg) were selected for this study. Caudal epidural anesthesia was produced in all goats by 2% lidocaine (1 mL/7 kg) with 1 mL distilled water and two weeks later repeated by 2% lidocaine (1 mL/7 kg) with 1 mL of 10% MgSO4. Time of onset, duration, standing and cranial spread of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded at 0 minutes prior to epidural administrations of each treatments as base line values and at 10, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the epidural administration of each treatments. Statistical analysis included the paired Student’s t-test and ANOVA (SPSS, soft ware of windows). P<0.05 was considered as a significant level. A significant difference (P<0.05) was noted for the onset of analgesia between lidocaine-distilled water (2.38 ± 0.38 min) and lidocaine-MgSO4 (3.71 ± 0.38 min). Lidocaine-MgSO4 produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (171.85 ± 8.07 min) than that of lidocaine-distilled water (61.42 ± 6.39 min). There were no significant differences in standing time between the two groups. There were no significant differences in HR, RR, and body temperature in comparison with the base line values in the lidocaine-distilled water and lidocaine-MgSO4 groups. Using this combination, long duration obstetrical and surgical procedures could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and could be completed without re-administration of the anesthetic agent.Preživači općenito nisu pogodni za opću anesteziju većinom zbog opasnosti od regurgitacije i inhalacije buražna sadržaja ili sline u pluća, ako su im zračni prohodi nezaštićeni. Zbog toga se u njih najčešće primjenjuje perineuralna ili epiduralna anestezija. Ovo istraživanje je provedeno radi izravne usporedbe nastupa i trajanja analgezije postignute primjenom lidokaina i magnezijeva sulfata te lidokaina i destilirane vode u epiduralni prostor u koza. Sedam zdravih odraslih koza (u dobi od 2 ± 0,5 godina) tjelesne mase od 49 ± 3 kg odabrano je za ovo istraživanje. U svih je provedena kaudalna epiduralna anestezija 2%-tnim lidokainom (1 mL/7 kg) i jednim mililitrom destilirane vode. Dva tjedna poslije, epiduralna anestezija bila je ponovljena 2%-tnim lidokainom (1 mL/7 kg) i jednim mililitrom 10%-tnog magnezijeva sulfata. Promatrano je vrijeme nastupa anestezije, njezino trajanje, postojanost i kranijalno širenje. Frekvencija bila i disanja te tjelesna temperatura izmjereni su prije davanja anestezije kao bazalne vrijednosti, a zatim 10, 30, 45 i 60 minuta nakon epiduralne injekcije. Rezultati su bili statistički obrađeni Student t-testom i ANOVA testom. P<0,05 smatran je značajnom razinom. Značajna razlika (P<0,05) bila je zabilježena u vremenu nastupa analgezije postignute lidokainom i destiliranom vodom (2,38 ± 0,38 min) te lidokainom i magnezijevim sulfatom (3,71 ± 0,38 min). Analgezija postignuta lidokainom i magnezijevim sulfatom trajala je znatno duže (171,85 ± 8,07 min) od one postignute lidokain-destiliranom vodom (61,42 ± 6,39 min). Nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika za frekvenciju bila, disanja i tjelesnu temperaturu u odnosu na bazalne vrijednosti u obih skupina. Primjenom kombinacije lidokain-magnezijev sulfat dugotrajni porodnički i kirurški zahvati mogu započeti relativno brzo nakon epiduralne injekcije te se mogu završiti bez ponovljene primjene anestetika