Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia.

BACKGROUND: In areas of declining malaria transmission such as in The Gambia, the identification of malaria infected individuals becomes increasingly harder. School surveys may be used to identify foci of malaria transmission in the community. METHODS: The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of the malaria transmission season. Thirty two schools in the Upper River Region of The Gambia were selected with probability proportional to size; in each school approximately 100 children were randomly chosen for inclusion in the study. Each child had a finger prick blood sample collected for the determination of antimalarial antibodies by ELISA, malaria infection by microscopy and PCR, and for haemoglobin measurement. In addition, a simple questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets was completed. The cut-off for positivity for antimalarial antibodies was obtained using finite mixture models. The clustered nature of the data was taken into account in the analyses. RESULTS: A total of 3,277 children were included in the survey. The mean age was 10 years (SD = 2.7) [range 4-21], with males and females evenly distributed. The prevalence of malaria infection as determined by PCR was 13.6% (426/3124) [95% CI = 12.2-16.3] with marked variation between schools (range 3-25%, p<0.001), while the seroprevalence was 7.8% (234/2994) [95%CI = 6.4-9.8] for MSP119, 11.6% (364/2997) [95%CI = 9.4-14.5] for MSP2, and 20.0% (593/2973) [95% CI = 16.5-23.2) for AMA1. The prevalence of all the three antimalarial antibodies positive was 2.7% (79/2920). CONCLUSIONS: This survey shows that malaria prevalence and seroprevalence before the transmission season were highly heterogeneous

Age specific seroprevalence according to parasite prevalence (low versus high).

<p><b>A.</b> MSP1₁₉. <b>B.</b> MSP2. <b>C.</b> AMA1. 0 = Sites with plasmodium prevalence ≤20% (low). 1 = Sites with plasmodium prevalence >20% (high).</p

Parasite prevalence and seroprevalence by school.

<p>Parasite prevalence and seroprevalence by school.</p

Age-specific seroprevalence.

<p><b>A.</b> MSP1₁₉. <b>B.</b> MSP2. <b>C.</b> AMA1. <b>D.</b> MSP1₁₉, MSP2 and AMA1(combined).</p

Baseline characteristic and prevalence of malaria and anaemia.

‡<p>wfaz reference values available only from 5–10 years and comparison was done for this age group. hfaz and bfaz estimated for 5–19 years.</p>*<p>GM = Geometric mean.</p>**<p>n = 340.</p>***<p>n = 20.</p