Confinement effects on the stimulated dissociation of molecular BECs

We show that a molecular BEC in a trap is stabilized against stimulated dissociation if the trap size is smaller than the resonance healing length $(\hbar^2/2mg\sqrt{n})^{1/2}$. The condensate shape determines the critical atom-molecule coupling frequency. We discuss an experiment for triggering dissociation by a sudden change of coupling or trap parameters. This effect demonstrates one of the unique collective features of 'superchemistry' in that the yield of a chemical reaction depends critically on the size and shape of the reaction vessel.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Kollektives Verhalten im Fußball

Fußball wird mit zwei Mannschaften gespielt, wobei die Spieler direkt, indirekt und gleichzeitig interagieren, um ein Ziel zu erreichen, das das Erzielen von Toren beinhaltet, während gleichzeitig verhindert wird, dass der Gegner ein Tor schießt (Gréhaigne et al., 1997; Zaccaro et al., 2001). In diesem Sinne setzt sich der Fußball aus Individuen zusammen, die ihre Bewegungen koordinieren und kooperative Beziehungen entwickeln, um dem Gegner überlegen zu sein (Duarte et al., 2012).publishe

Patterns of chemokine expression in models of Schistosoma mansoni inflammation and infection reveal relationships between type 1 and type 2 responses and chemokines in vivo

To explore the roles of chemokines in type 1 and type 2 responses in vivo, we examined mRNA expression for a panel of up to 17 chemokines in experimental mouse models using Schistosoma mansoni. These studies revealed that Mig (monokine induced by gamma interferon), cytokine-responsive gene 2/10-kDa interferon-inducible protein, RANTES, lymphotactin, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and MIP-2 are associated with type 1 egg-induced responses and that thymus-derived chemotactic agent 3 (TCA3), eotaxin, MIP-1α, and MIP-1γ are associated with type 2 egg-induced responses. After cercarial infection, both type 1-associated and type 2-associated chemokines were elevated in the livers of infected mice presensitized with eggs and recombinant interleukin-12 (rIL-12), a regimen that diminishes pathology. Neutralization of IL-12 or gamma interferon during egg deposition reversed the effects of prior treatment with rIL-12, leading to a return to larger granulomas; persistently elevated expression of TCA3, eotaxin, and MIP-1α; and a marked reduction in the expression of type 1-associated chemokines despite the maintenance of a dominant type 1 cytokine response in the draining lymph nodes. Our findings suggest that there are patterns of coordinate chemokine expression characteristic of type 1 and type 2 responses in vivo; that the cells recruited by a given pattern of chemokines may differ, depending on the composition of peripheral populations; and that patterns of tissue expression of chemokines may determine the character of an inflammatory response independently of the dominant pattern of differentiation of antigen-specific T cells. Our data reveal new relationships between chemokines and polarized immune responses and suggest that end organ inflammation might be altered by chemokine blockade without necessitating reversal of the phenotype of the majority of differentiated T cells