The linguistic construction of space in Ewe

This paper presents the linguistic means of describing spatial relations in Ewe with particular emphasis on the grammar and meaning of adpositions. Ewe ( N iger-Congo ) has two sets of adpositions: prepositions, which have evolvedfrom verbs, and postpositions which have evolvedfrom nouns. The postpositions create places and are treated äs intrinsic parts or regions of the reference object in a spatial description. The prepositions provide the general orientation of a Figure (located object). It is demonstrated (hat spaiial relations, such äs those encapsulated in "the basic topological prepositions at, in and on" in English (Herskovits 1986: 9), are not encoded in single linguistic elements in Ewe, but are distributed over members of dijferent form classes in a syntagmatic string, The paper explores the r öle of compositionality andits interaction with pragmatics to yield understandings of spatial configurations in such a language where spatial meanings cannot he simply read off one form. The study also examines the diversity among languages in terms of the nature and obligatoriness of the coding of relational and ground Information in spatial constructions. It is argued that the ränge and type of distinctions discussed in the paper must be accountedfor in semantic typology and in the cross-linguistic investigation of spatial language and conceptualisation

Technology Push vs. Market Pull in Technology University Innovation Commercialization Case Study: ITB

Technology-based innovation can comes either from market needs (market pull) then obtained the discovery of new innovation technology to help meet the needs of the community or from new invention which was later adapted by the community (technology push) that become useful new needs. The purpose of this paper is to determine the implications that what works better between technology push or market pull in technological innovation carried out by researchers in creating new technologies. In this paper, the study used the example of one of the universities in Indonesia, the ITB because it has a research institute that more active than any other university in Indonesia. Sample taken from the new product invention that have been successfully commercialized or not. To know whether successfully commercialized inventions are more likely depart from the market pull or technology push. We got the result of this research from technology innovation product that has been patented, from dept interviews by the researchers in ITB, and from focus group discussion among the junior researchers. The result of technology innovation product that only has been patented and the technology innovation product that already is commercialized and used by many people will be different. We will see the beginning of the idea appearance and the commercialization of their product innovation in the market from the researchers

The meaning of phatic and conative interjections

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meanings of the members of two subclasses of interjections in Ewe: the conative/volitive which are directed at an auditor, and the phatic which are used in the maintenance of social and communicative contact. It is demonstrated that interjections like other linguistic signs have meanings which can be rigorously stated. In addition, the paper explores the differences and similarities between the semantic structures of interjections on one hand and formulaic words on the other. This is done through a comparison of the semantics and pragmatics of an interjection and a formulaic word which are used for welcoming people in Ewe. It is contended that formulaic words are speech acts qua speech acts while interjections are not fully fledged speech acts because they lack illocutionary dictum in their semantic structure