Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Dependência crônica de ventilação pulmonar mecânica na assistência pediátrica: um debate necessário para o SUS Chronic dependence on mechanical pulmonary ventilation in pediatric care: a necessary debate for Brazil's Unified Health System

Pessoas com dependência prolongada de ventilação pulmonar mecânica necessitam de cuidados permanentes e de equipamentos, que podem alongar muito a permanência hospitalar, determinando uma dificuldade de acesso para pacientes com agravos agudos, assim como transtornos pessoais com limitação da qualidade de vida de seus familiares ou cuidadores, devido aos longos períodos de internação. Esta revisão crítica de publicações sobre dependência de ventilação pulmonar mecânica em crianças e adolescentes objetivou disponibilizar informações organizadas de modo sistemático, a fim de subsidiar o debate sobre o tema, considerando que as mudanças de perfil epidemiológico e o crescente acesso tecnológico determinam necessidades como leitos de terapia intensiva e complexa assistência domiciliar para pacientes crônicos, ainda com limites de oferta e regulação no sistema público de saúde brasileiro.<br>People with prolonged dependence on mechanical ventilation require permanent care and the use of equipment that can result in longer term hospital internment. This can lead to difficulty of access for patients with acute injuries, as well as personal difficulties and stress with reduced quality of life for their families or caregivers due to such longer hospital internment. This critical review of publications dealing with dependence on mechanical ventilation among children and adolescents aimed at making information organized in a systematic manner available in order to support discussion on the subject. It should be borne in mind that changes in epidemiological profile and growing technological access determine needs such as intensive therapy hospital beds and complex home care for chronic patients, which still have limits of supply and regulatory restrictions in the Brazilian public health syste