Formulations of Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Field Applications

Development of a plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbe needs several steps starting with isolation of a pure culture, screening of its PGP or antagonistic traits by means of different efficacy bioassays performed in vitro, in vivo or in trials under greenhouse and/or field conditions. In order to maximize the potential of an efficient PGP microbe, it is essential to optimize mass multiplication protocols that promote product quality and quantity and a product formulation that enhances bioactivity, preserves shelf life and aids product delivery. Selection of formulation is very crucial as it can determine the success or failure of a PGP microbe. A good carrier material should be able to deliver the right number of viable cells in good physiological conditions, easy to use and economically affordable by the farmers. Several carrier materials have been used in formulation that include peat, talc, charcoal, cellulose powder, farm yard manure, vermicompost and compost, lignite, bagasse and press mud. Each formulation has its advantages and disadvantages but the peat based carrier material is widely used in different part of the world. This chapter gives a comprehensive analysis of different formulations and the quality of inoculants available in the market, with a case study conducted in five-states of India

As transformações do trabalho e desafios teórico-metodológicos da Ergonomia Transformations of work and theoretical-methodological challenges of ergonomics

O artigo enfoca a evolução do trabalho identificando as mudanças ocorridas e como elas transformaram a sua natureza. Ele apresenta o desenvolvimento teórico das abordagens utilizadas na relação do homem com o trabalho conseqüente à introdução de inovações tecnológicas. O enfoque adotado neste texto privilegia a análise das situações de trabalho informatizadas e como elas impactam nas condições de trabalho. O referencial norteador é a Ergonomia, seus modelos de intervenção e seus limites, neste novo contexto de trabalho.<br>The article contextualizes the evolution of work, identifying the changes occurred and how they have transformed the nature of work. It presents the theoretical development of the approaches used in the relationship between man and work in consequence of the technological innovations. The approach adopted in this text favors the analysis of computerized work situations and how they impact on the work conditions. The leading reference is Ergonomics, its intervention models and its limits in this new work context

The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA class I peptide presentation.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified &gt;300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA-viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection