Leisure in Colonial Nanyuki: A Historical Perspective

Leisure is probably the most nebulous idea which is subject to many interpretations. Some people view leisure as a period of time they call free or unobligated time. For others, leisure is related to recreational activities such as competitive sports, cooperative games, outdoor endeavors, and cultural pursuits and socializing. In the context of colonial Kenya, the dominance of Europeans over Africans was obvious. This paper seeks to elaborate on the concept of leisure as practiced by the inhabitants of Nanyuki who included; Europeans, Asians, Somalis and Africans. Some of the activities that men and women engaged in during their free time are the epitome of this chapter. The effect of leisure to the development of Nanyuki such as the construction of hotels and restaurants, the golf club among other recreational facilities is also discussed. Alongside the physical development of Nanyuki came the negative effects of over indulgence and the spread of venereal diseases which are discussed in this paper. Conclusions are not drawn as to whether the development of Nanyuki was influenced by the various leisure activities however; it is observed that throughout the colonial period the town stood out as one with many leisure activities and events. Keywords: Leisure, Nanyuki, Colonial perio

The Sexual Minority Rights Conundrum in Africa: Contextualising the Debate Following the Coalition of African Lesbians’ Application for Observer Status Before the African Commission

Although the African human rights legal system boasts of many treaties, the most relevant in the context of sexual minority rights is the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter), which agreement enjoys near unanimous ratification by members of the African Union (AU). As Vincent Nmehielle justly noted, ‘the African Charter is the primary normative instrument of the African human rights system.’ It thus may easily be regarded as the ‘regional bill of rights.’ This paper will deal with this matters, showing the status questionis in Africa

The Nursing Practice Environment And Job Outcomes In Saudi Hospitals

The nursing shortage is a challenging problem globally. In Saudi Arabia, the nurse shortage continues to be a critical problem in all healthcare sectors. International nursing research has shown strong relationships between poor practice environments and unfavorable nurse job outcomes, including job dissatisfaction, burnout, and intention to leave, which often precedes turnover, a leading cause of shortage. However, there is scarcity in this area of research in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to describe and compare the nursing practice environments and nurse job-related outcomes of nurses in two types of hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the study aims to test a model that links the nursing practice environment to nurse job outcomes using path analysis. A comparative cross-sectional design was employed to examine a sample of nurses (n=404) from inpatient units in a public and a teaching hospital. A survey instrument was designed that included the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index, the Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and questions related to job dissatisfaction and intention to leave. Results showed that the nursing practice environment and nurse job outcomes in the teaching hospital were more favorable than those in the public hospital. In the entire sample, approximately half (52.7 %) of the participants had a high level of burnout, 38.7% were dissatisfied, and 25.8% intended to leave within a year. In the public hospital, the percentages were 80.8% burned out, 64.7% dissatisfied, and 33.2 intended to leave as compared to 26%, 15.8%, and 19.2% respectively in the teaching hospital. The results of path analysis showed that both nursing practice environments and hospital type (public vs. teaching) have significant effects on burnout and job dissatisfaction, which in turn increase the intention to leave. Hospital type has also a direct effect on intention to leave. This study presents a good- fitted model that provides a better understanding of the relationship between nursing practice environment and nurse job outcomes in Saudi hospitals. This knowledge will help nurse leaders and policy makers develop retention strategies to improve nursing practice environments and job-related outcomes and to reduce turnover

The Wretched African Traditionalists in Kenya: The Challenges and Prospects of Customary Law in the New Constitutional Era

The modern African judge will be the first to acknowledge that, in many senses, the problems faced by British judges in colonial Africa have not vanished. Almost one hundred percent of the African judiciary is now African. But even though there is no longer the gross disparity of national origin between a judge and his community, a judge often does not come from the particular locality whose ethnic law he is administering. A part from this ethnic question, there is an enormous educational and cultural gap between a senior judge with a western education and the ordinary families he may deal with. Thus, the judicial system may have moved from a problem of race and ethnicity to one of class

Prevention-Oriented Clinic

Chronic diseases are heavily taxing the American health system. The federal government has implemented new laws, such as the Affordable Care Act (ACA), in order to increase American wellness at no additional cost and to reduce the significant financial burden. Considering the enactment of ACA and cost cutting, it’s an opportune time to explore new approaches to delivering high quality patient care before the start of a disease. Preventative health wellness clinics can serve this purpose. However, preventative care clinics are not without challenges. Modifying patients’ behaviors have proven to be difficult and no research literature exists to provide an evidence-based approach which has a proven record in changing poor patient habits. However, if focus is placed on patients who are at increased risk for developing a chronic illness and tests favorable for behavior modification, the ideal preventative health clinic may set the stage for improved healthcare outcomes and cost reduction

The wretched African traditionalists in Kenya : the challenges and prospects of customary law in the new constitutional era

ArticleThe modern African judge will be the first to acknowledge that, in many senses, the problems faced by British judges in colonial Africa have not vanished. Almost one hundred percent of the African judiciary is now African. But even though there is no longer the gross disparity of national origin between a judge and his community, a judge often does not come from the particular locality whose ethnic law he is administering. A part from this ethnic question, there is an enormous educational and cultural gap between a senior judge with a western education and the ordinary families he may deal with. Thus, the judicial system may have moved from a problem of race and ethnicity to one of class

The Influence of Selected Factors of Motivation on Women’s Participation in Contract Sugar Cane Farming in Mumias Division, Kakamega County, Kenya

Challenges facing women are a major source of inequality often discriminating against them specifically in the agricultural labour market. Unless women farmers in households are motivated to be actors in contract farming activities and programs, the impact of such interventions remain insignificant in transforming their lives and the lives of others.As the contribution of women in contract farming diminishes in the rural households where they form the majority in crop production within the regional and national economy, family livelihoods are severely affected. This paper examines the influence of selected factors on women’s participation in contract sugarcane farming in Mumias Division, Kakamega County, Kenya. The study used cross-sectional design. Systematic sampling technique was used to select 118 women engaged in contract sugarcane farming in the households.  In addition, two-focus discussion groups (FGDs) each comprising eight women were selected purposively. Data was collected using interviews and FGD guides. The validity and reliability of the instruments were ascertained using content validity and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha respectively. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results of the study indicated that most of the women were highly influenced by property ownership, membership in advocacy bodies, and representation in investment institutions with a significance of 0.000, 0.000 and 0.000 respectively. The study recommends that sound policies and mechanisms by sugar Industry management and government be adopted. This would serve to ensure that the energy of women that is directed into contract sugarcane farming to upscale Industry production indeed benefits the women’s livelihoods at household level. Keywords: Women, contract sugarcane farming, households, livelihoods, participation

Oval slides in triangular spaces? Anchoring national human rights institutions in ‘tripartite’ Commonwealth Africa

Thesis"Montesquieu, in L'Esprit des Lois, 1748, divided the functions of state into: the legislative power, the executive power, and the power of judging. Indeed, three constitutional organs have invariably dominated state power. These are: the executive, the leigslative and the judiciary. According to Montesquieu, the state is said to be at 'equilibrium' when the three organs are independent of each other, with each carrying out its functions without interference. Ideally, the legislative organ ought to make laws, the executive to implement them, and the judiciary to adjudicate over disputes arising out of the day-to-day operations of the state. This attempt at dispersing state power is not arbitrary. It has got ends. One cardinal end in this regrad is the protection of fundamental human rights. It has been argued that where the three organs of state are allowed operatational autonomy, individuals stand to enjoy relatively profound liberty. Where state functions are entrusted with one person or organ, the tyranny of that person or organ is certain to overwhelm the realisation of fundamental freedoms and liberties. ... Both Montesquieu and Lock had tremendous faith in the tripartite government structure in so far as the protection of liberties was concerned. Informed by this philosophy, most democratic constitutions have weaved state power in almost similar terms envisioned by Montesquieu. Thus far, the 1787 Constitution of the United States of America (USA) could be ranked as one with the clearest distinction of state functions. Contemporary practice, however, appears to be in favour of complementing these traditional state organs, a sign, perhaps, that the conventional three organs of state per se have increasingly proved inadequate; at least in the sphere of human rights protection. There is a move, or rather, wave towards the establishment of independent national human rights institutions (NHRIs) to reinforce the bulwark of human rights protection mechanisms at state level, and the wave, arguably, is most pronounced in Africa. ... The current investigation will be completed in four distinct chapters. The current chapter serves well to introduce the study. The second chapter constitutes a comprehensive study of the conceptual foundations of national human rights institutions (NHRIs). The essence, structure and nature of NHRIs is also explored. The third chapter proposes to analyse the doctrine of separation of powers from a philosophical and later, from a practical point of view as it manifests itself in the Commonwealth tradition. The tripartite government configuration is discussed with the ramification of NHRIs in mind. It is instructive that without assessing the parent concept (the rule of law) a discussion on separation of powers remains orphaned. The fourth chapter shall first allude to the new challenges to human rights enforcement. It shall then discuss how these challenges and the development of NHRIs cry for a new thinking on the original tripartite system. The final section is an attempt at supplying a panacea to the challenges accentuated by the preceding part.

The implementation of digital comic for teaching vocabulary

Digital comic is a platform that can be used to develop students’vocabulary through Webtoon; it has words, phrases and interestingpictures. with the result that students can be learning English vocabulary through the digital comic platform. This study is aimed: (1) to observe the process of teaching vocabulary by using digital comic(2) to find out students’ responses of teaching vocabulary using digital comic This research used a qualitative approach by elaborating the process of teaching vocabulary using digital comic. It was conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2019-2020. This research involved one class of 33 students of seventh grade and an English teacher.The data collection was obtained from observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The process of analyzing and interpreting qualitative data done by exploring and coding the data,coding to build descriptions and themes, presenting and reporting qualitative Findings, Interpreting the findings, validating the accuracy of the findings. The research finding shows that the process of teaching vocabulary using digital comics was conducted by three stages. There arepre-teaching activity, while teaching activity and post-teaching activity.In the pre-teaching activity, the teacher told students what topic would be learned and told students what media would be used in the teaching-learning activity. It also introduced the media that would be used. In the while-teaching activity, teachers used blended learning methodology, where teaching face to face is combined with virtual interaction on webtoon. In post-activity, the teacher reviewed the vocabulary that has been learned on a webtoon by playing the game, and the teacher also provided the online activity in students' own homes by giving students home tasks online and asked students to read the digital comic. With regard to the students’ responses, learning new words with webtoon gains positive feedback. In conclusion, this finding of research shows that teaching English vocabulary is plausible and interesting. This implementation can proceed to the different contexts of TEFL/TESOL

The wretched african traditionalists in Kenya - The challenges and prospects of customary law in the new constitutional era

A journal article published in Strathmore Law Journal, SLJ Volume 1, Number 1, June 2015.The modern African judge will be the first to acknowledge that, in many senses, the problems faced by British judges in colonial Africa have not vanished. Almost one hundred percent of the African judiciary is now African. But even though there is no longer the gross disparity of national origin between a judge and his community, a judge often does not come from the particular locality whose ethnic law he is administering. A part from this ethnic question, there is an enormous educational and cultural gap between a senior judge with a western education and the ordinary families he may deal with. Thus, the judicial system may have moved from a problem of race and ethnicity to one of class