Sphenoidal emissary foramen and its clinical consideration

Background:Sphenoidal emissary foramen is a small, variable and an inconstant foramen in middle cranial fossa which is located antero-medial to the foramen ovale. Emissary vein passing through it connects the pterygoid venous plexus with the cavernous sinus which has clinical significance because through an extra-cranial infection may reach to cavernous sinus. Aim of present study was to investigate the incidence and shape of sphenoidal emissary foramen, the number of present on one side and the presence of bony septum in it.Methods: Two hundred and fifty (right 250; left-250) dry Indian adult skulls of unknown age and sex were used for this study. Middle cranial fossa of each skull was macroscopically observed for the presence, absence of sphenoidal emissary foramen. Patency was confirmed by inserting a bristle through each probable foramen and only patent foramen were calculated.Results: We observed that sphenoidal emissary foramen was present in 72 (28.8%) skulls. Unilaterally it was present in 17.6% and bilaterally in 11.2% skulls.Conclusions: Incidence of this foramen is variable and therefore recognition of this anatomical structure is important. Knowledge of their variations will be helpful for neurosurgeons and radiologist.

Variations of Lung Fissures: A Cadaveric Study

Background: The presence of fissures in the normal lungs enhances uniform expansion and hence facilitates more air intake. Accessory and incomplete fissures of varying depth can be seen in unusual locations of the lung, delimiting abnormal lobes which correspond to the normal bronchopulmonary segments. The knowledge of anatomical variations of lung fissures is essential for clinicians, surgeons, and for radiologist for recognizing various images of related abnormalities because an accessory or anomalous fissure can be mistaken for a lung lesion or an atypical appearance of pleural effusion. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to observe the variations of lung fissures in Indian population. Fifty pairs (right- 50; left- 50) of lungs were used for this study. Each lung was studied carefully for number of fissures whether complete or incomplete or absent. Presences of accessory fissures were noted. Results: We observed complete absence of fissures in two right and left lungs. Accessory fissures were present in 38% right lungs and 32% in left lungs. Conclusion: Incidence of absence of oblique fissure and accessory fissure was greater in our present work when compared our results with other authors. Considering this we feel that more elaborative study should be done on this topic which will throw more light on this

Ultrasonographic estimation of gestation age and growth pattern of foetuses in second trimester of pregnancy by multiple growth parameters

Background and Aim- Fetal biometry rely on racial segment attributes, sustenance, hereditary qualities, and a lot more on ecological elements of a specific populace. Therefore, this study aimed to assess various fetal parameter and to establish a regression equation to predict the gestational age (GA) of pregnant women among the population of Western Maharashtra. Methodology- A descriptive, prospective study was conducted on 420 pregnant women in their second trimester (i.e. 14 to 27 weeks of gestation). Thirty women from each week of gestation were studied by ultrasonography for estimation of GA of the fetus. Various parameters such as biparietal diameter (BPD), femur length (FL), head circumference (HC), and abdominal circumference (AC) were studied and compared to the normal standards for GA, based on the initial sonogram from first trimester. Result-. Maximum (3.75 mm) and minimum (1.41 mm) increase in BPD was seen in 21-22 and 26 - 27 weeks, respectively. Maximum (4.50 mm) and minimum (0.42 mm) increase in FL was seen in 19 - 20 and 26 - 27 weeks, respectively.&nbsp

Fibularis Tertius Muscle: Cadaveric Study in Indians

Background: Fibularis tertius is a small, unipennate muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg which is peculiar to human. It is highly variable muscle. It acts as a dorsiflexor and evertor of the foot. Fibularis tertius muscle flap is used for transposition and correcting any laxity in the ankle joint by foot surgeons. Distal attachment of it might play important role in causation of torsional stresses as observed in Jones fractures. Aims: It was aimed to study the incidence of fibularis tertius muscle and to observe variations in its proximal and distal attachments in Indian population. Material and Methods: We studied 100 (right: 50; left: 50) cadaveric lower limbs to observe the presence or absence of fibularis tertius muscle and variations in its proximal and distal attachments. Results: Fibularis tertius was absent in 13%. We observed variations in th th distal attachment of it. It was attached to 4 or 5 metatarsal or both. In some cases we observed bifurcated tendon and duplication of tendon of this muscle. Conclusion: Variations of fibularis tertius muscle are more frequent and its distal attachments are not absolutely at a fixed position therefore a precise and detailed knowledge of this muscle is important for foot surgeons and anatomists

Prevalence of Scapulothoracic Dysfunction in Primipara after One Year of Delivery

Background: During pregnancy, there are various physiological, biomechanical, postural, and emotional changes taking place. The changes in posture which occurs during pregnancy are even maintained in postpartum period if they remain uncorrected. Due to the enlargement of breasts, size of the uterus, and mother’s weight, there is increase in lumbar and cervical lordosis and there is compensatory thoracic kyphosis, the shoulder and upper back become rounded. There is scapular protraction and internal rotation of the upper extremity; these adaptations of posture may also persist in the postpartum period due to infant care demands. Pectoralis muscles tightness and weakness of the scapular stabilizers may be pre-existing to or may occur due to pregnancy postural changes. Hence, there is a need of evaluating the upper quadrant musculoskeletal involvement during the postpartum period and its correlation with changes that occur during pregnancy. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of scapulothoracic dysfunction in primipara after 1 year of delivery. Methods: A total 150 primipara women who had completed 1 year of delivery were randomly selected from the Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad in this analytical observational study. Scapulothoracic dysfunction was assessed using postural examination chart in the anterior, lateral and posterior views by plumb line, manual muscle testing for muscle strength, and special tests for scapular dysfunction. Results: The result showed that 71% found to be positive for scapulothoracic dysfunction through YES/NO test, respectively. Majority of the subjects (45%) had type II scapular dyskinesis, while 18% subjects had type I, 11% had type III, and 22% had type IV. On postural examination, 27% had forward head posture, 55% had protracted shoulder, and 60% had kyphotic posture. The strength test showed that 57% subjects had weak trapezius, 60% had serratus anterior weak and significant amount of weakness with gradings in the range of −3–+3 for 57% subjects in trapezius, 60% in serratus anterior, and 65% had weak rhomboid’s major with gradings in the range of −3–+3, respectively. Conclusion: The study concludes that, statistically, there was high prevalence of scapulothoracic dysfunction in primipara women after 1 year of delivery. This was due of the slouched posture that the women’s adapted due to increase in breast size, increased size of the uterus, breast feeding positioning, and also infant care which demanded hunched back posture. It was also found that women had lack of knowledge about posture