Physiological consequences of immune aging at organs level: A mini-review

667-672Aging is a discrete phenomenon and hard to understand. A coordinated and gradual loss of structure and function causes impaired responsiveness at cellular and organ levels. It makes an aged individual prone to several chronic diseases and opportunistic infections. The failed interplay among different organ systems is what orchestrates aging. Simultaneously, the involvement of more molecular participants makes it more challenging to understand and examine. This mini-review comprehensively reviewed physiological changes in immune aging and their correlation with overall aging anomalies

Development of Leishmania donovani stably expressing DsRed for flow cytometry-based drug screening using chalcone thiazolyl-hydrazone as a new antileishmanial target

Green fluorescent protein produces significant fluorescence and is extremely stable, however its excitation maximum is close to the ultraviolet range and thus can damage living cells. Hence, Leishmania donovani stably expressing DsRed were developed and their suitability for flow cytometry-based antileishmanial screening was assessed by evaluating the efficacies of standard drugs as well as newly synthesised chalcone thiazolyl-hydrazone compounds. The DsRed gene was successfully integrated at the 18S rRNA locus of L. donovani and transfectants (LdDsRed) were selected using hygromycin B. Enhanced expression of DsRed and a high level of infectivity to J774A.1 macrophages were achieved, which was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Furthermore, these LdDsRed transfectants were utilised for development of an in vitro screening assay using the standard antileishmanial drugs miltefosine, amphotericin B, pentamidine and paromomycin. The response of transfectants to standard drugs correlated well with previous reports. Subsequently, the suitability of this system was further assessed by screening a series of 18 newly synthesised chalcone thiazolyl-hydrazone compounds in vitro for their antileishmanial activity, wherein 8 compounds showed moderate antileishmanial activity. The most active compound 5g, with ca. 73% splenic parasite reduction, exerted its activity via generating nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and inducing apoptosis in LdDsRed-infected macrophages. Thus, these observations established the applicability of LdDsRed transfectants for flow cytometry-based antileishmanial screening. Further efforts aimed at establishing a high-throughput screening assay and determining the in vivo screening of potential antileishmanial leads are required