Persistent Biomechanical Alterations After ACL Reconstruction Are Associated With Early Cartilage Matrix Changes Detected by Quantitative MR.

BackgroundThe effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in preventing early osteoarthritis is debated. Restoring the original biomechanics may potentially prevent degeneration, but apparent pathomechanisms have yet to be described. Newer quantitative magnetic resonance (qMR) imaging techniques, specifically T1ρ and T2, offer novel, noninvasive methods of visualizing and quantifying early cartilage degeneration.PurposeTo determine the tibiofemoral biomechanical alterations before and after ACL reconstruction using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate the association between biomechanics and cartilage degeneration using T1ρ and T2.Study designCohort study; Level of evidence, 2.MethodsKnee MRIs of 51 individuals (mean age, 29.5 ± 8.4 years) with unilateral ACL injuries were obtained prior to surgery; 19 control subjects (mean age, 30.7 ± 5.3 years) were also scanned. Follow-up MRIs were obtained at 6 months and 1 year. Tibial position (TP), internal tibial rotation (ITR), and T1ρ and T2 were calculated using an in-house Matlab program. Student t tests, repeated measures, and regression models were used to compare differences between injured and uninjured sides, observe longitudinal changes, and evaluate correlations between TP, ITR, and T1ρ and T2.ResultsTP was significantly more anterior on the injured side at all time points (P < .001). ITR was significantly increased on the injured side prior to surgery (P = .033). At 1 year, a more anterior TP was associated with elevated T1ρ (P = .002) and T2 (P = .026) in the posterolateral tibia and with decreased T2 in the central lateral femur (P = .048); ITR was associated with increased T1ρ in the posteromedial femur (P = .009). ITR at 6 months was associated with increased T1ρ at 1 year in the posteromedial tibia (P = .029).ConclusionPersistent biomechanical alterations after ACL reconstruction are related to significant changes in cartilage T1ρ and T2 at 1 year postreconstruction. Longitudinal correlations between ITR and T1ρ suggest that these alterations may be indicative of future cartilage injury, leading to degeneration and osteoarthritis.Clinical relevanceNewer surgical techniques should be developed to eliminate the persistent anterior tibial translation commonly seen after ACL reconstruction. qMR will be a useful tool to evaluate the ability of these newer techniques to prevent cartilage changes

頭部SPECTにおけるステップと連続回転データ収集法の検討 : デジタルファントムによる検討

核医学検査における頭部SPECT検査を想定したステップ回転収集法と連続回転収集法による断層像のサンプリング角度の影響について，デジタルファントムを作成してシミュレーション解析による検討を行った．SPECTの連続回転収集法は，ステップ回転収集法のように検出器移動時の非データ収集というタイムロスが発生しない特徴があるが，標本化定理よりも大きなサンプリング角度を設定すると接線方向への画像歪が増加することが確認された．しかし，標本化定理に基づいたサンプリング角度を採用した場合は，連続回転収集法とステップ回転収集法によるSPECT像の画質がほぼ同等であることから，原理的に感度特性に優れた連続回転収集法を選択する方が良好な結果が得られると考えられた

運動パターンの違いがMR画像に及ぼす影響 : Radial Scanにおける検討

呼吸や血管の拍動などの周期的な動きがある被検体をMRI撮像する場合，画像再構成におけるk-スペースへのデータ充填法にRadial充填を使用すると動きによるボケ（モーションアーチファクト）を減少させることができる．本研究では，運動ファントムを使用してRadial充填の画像のアーチファクト低減効果を確認するとともに，Radial充填における動きの大きさや運動パターンの違いによるアーチファクトの出現特性について検証した．運動幅としては7㎜を超えると像のボケが大きくなり，アーチファクト低減効果は少ないと考えられた．また運動幅が大きい場合，運動距離が同じであっても運動周期に静止周期を含む場合では，ボケ発生の特性が異なることが確認できた．運動ファントムでモーションアーチファクトの検証実験を行う場合には，運動の大きさだけでなく対象の運動パターンを考慮して，実験を行わなければ，臨床上で現れる特性を再現できない可能性があるため注意が必要である

Cryptochrome Genes Are Highly Expressed in the Ovary of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus tropicalis

Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins sharing high homology with photolyases. Some of them have function(s) including transcription regulation in the circadian clock oscillation, blue-light photoreception for resetting the clock phase, and light-dependent magnetoreception. Vertebrates retain multiple sets of CRY or CRY-related genes, but their functions are yet unclear especially in the lower vertebrates. Although CRYs and the other circadian clock components have been extensively studied in the higher vertebrates such as mice, only a few model species have been studied in the lower vertebrates. In this study, we identified two CRYs, XtCRY1 and XtCRY2 in Xenopus tropicalis, an excellent experimental model species. Examination of tissue specificity of their mRNA expression by real-time PCR analysis revealed that both the XtCRYs showed extremely high mRNA expression levels in the ovary. The mRNA levels in the ovary were about 28-fold (XtCry1) and 48-fold (XtCry2) higher than levels in the next abundant tissues, the retina and kidney, respectively. For the functional analysis of the XtCRYs, we cloned circadian positive regulator XtCLOCK and XtBMAL1, and found circadian enhancer E-box in the upstream of XtPer1 gene. XtCLOCK and XtBMAL1 exhibited strong transactivation from the XtPer1 E-box element, and both the XtCRYs inhibited the XtCLOCK:XtBMAL1-mediated transactivation, thereby suggesting this element to drive the circadian transcription. These results revealed a conserved main feedback loop in the X. tropicalis circadian clockwork and imply a possible physiological importance of CRYs in the ovarian functions such as synthesis of steroid hormones and/or control of estrus cycles via the transcription regulation

Identification of a high incidence region for retroviral vector integration near exon 1 of the LMO2 locus

Therapeutic retroviral vector integration near the oncogene LMO2 is thought to be a cause of leukemia in X-SCID gene therapy trials. However, no published studies have evaluated the frequency of vector integrations near exon 1 of the LMO2 locus. We identified a high incidence region (HIR) of vector integration using PCR techniques in the upstream region close to the LMO2 transcription start site in the TPA-Mat T cell line. The integration frequency of the HIR was one per 4.46 × 10(4 )cells. This HIR was also found in Jurkat T cells but was absent from HeLa cells. Furthermore, using human cord blood-derived CD34(+ )cells we identified a HIR in a similar region as the TPA-Mat T cell line. One of the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) patients that developed leukemia after gene therapy had a vector integration site in this HIR. Therefore, the descriptions of the location and the integration frequency of the HIR presented here may help us to better understand vector-induced leukemogenesis