26 research outputs found
Tailoring a NICU-Based Tobacco Treatment Program for Mothers Who Are Dependent on Opioids
ObjectiveâTo collect formative information to design a tailored tobacco treatment intervention for women with newborns treated or evaluated for neonatal abstinence syndrome and to explore current tobacco use behaviors and facilitators and barriers to smoking cessation.
DesignâQualitative descriptive study.
SettingâAn academic medical center in the southern United States.
ParticipantsâMothers of newborns who were treated or evaluated for neonatal abstinence syndrome at birth within the preceding three months. Women were recruited who were older than 18 and reported opioid dependence and smoking during pregnancy.
MethodsâParticipants took part in semi-structured individual interviews that lasted approximately one hour. Interviews were professionally transcribed and analyzed in MAXQDA using content analysis.
ResultsâFive themes emerged from the data: Strategizing to Reduce Risk, Desire to Quit Smoking in the Future; Holding on to Smoking While Working Through Recovery, Feeling Judged by Nurses, and Feeling Supported And Empowered By Nurses. Participants reported planning to reduce risk to their newborns by avoiding secondhand and thirdhand smoke exposure. Participants wanted to stop smoking but reported many barriers, including multiple life stressors compounded by their newbornsâ extended stays in the hospital. However, most participants described overall positive experiences and the support of health care providers.
ConclusionsâHolistic tobacco treatment programs that incorporate stress relief and social support and are led by trusted health care providers have the potential to be effective to reduce smoking in new mothers with histories of opioid dependence disorders and smoking and whose newborns are in the NICU
The Carrot and the Stick? Strategies to Improve Compliance with College Campus Tobacco Policies
Objective: Tobacco-free policies are being rapidly adopted nationwide, yet compliance with these policies remains a challenge. This study explored college campus key informants\u27 experiences with tobacco policies, and their perceived benefits, drawbacks, and outcomes. Participants: The sample for this study was 68 key informants representing 16 different California universities with varying tobacco policies (no smoking indoors and within 20 feet of entrances, designated smoking areas, 100% smoke-free, and 100% tobacco-free). Methods: Qualitative, descriptive study. Semistructured interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis. Results: Strategies to improve compliance ranged from a social approach to a heavy focus on punitive enforcement. Key informants from campuses using a social approach alone reported barriers to improving compliance, including a perceived lack of efficacy of the approach. However, these campuses found it challenging to incorporate enforcement through campus police or security. Conclusions: College campus decision makers should explore using a combined approach (social approach as well as formal enforcement), with enforcement primarily the responsibility of nonpolice university channels (eg, Student Affairs, employee supervisors)
Other Tobacco Product Use Among Sexual Minority Young Adult Bar Patrons
IntroductionâLesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals smoke at rates 1.5â2 times higher than the general population, but less is known about LGB consumption of other tobacco products (OTPs) and gender differences. OTP use among young adult LGB bar patrons and the relationship among past quit attempts, intention to quit, and binge drinking with OTP use was examined.
MethodsâA cross-sectional survey of young adults (aged 18â26) in bars/nightclubs in seven U.S. cities between 2012 and 2014 (N=8,010; 1,101 LGB participants) was analyzed in 2016. Logistic regressions examined current use of five OTPs (cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, chewing tobacco, and snus) and sexual minority status, adjusting for demographics and comparing LB women and GB men with their heterosexual counterparts.
ResultsâLGB bar/nightclub patrons used all OTPs more than their heterosexual counterparts. LB women were more likely than heterosexual women to use cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, chew, and snus. GB men were more likely than heterosexual men to smoke cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, and use chew and snus. Past-year quit attempt was associated with increased odds of electronic cigarette use in men and women, and increased odds of dual use (cigarettes and OTPs) among men. Intention to quit was negatively associated with dual use among women. Binge drinking was associated with increased use of all OTPs across genders.
ConclusionsâLGB bar-going young adults are at higher risk for OTP use than their heterosexual counterparts. Bar-based interventions are needed to address all forms of tobacco use in this high-risk group
Pharmacists\u27 Role in Harm Reduction: A Survey Assessment of Kentucky Community Pharmacists\u27 Willingness to Participate in Syringe/Needle Exchange
Background: Pharmacists\u27 role in harm reduction is expanding in many states, yet there are limited data on pharmacists\u27 willingness to participate in harm reduction activities. This study assessed community pharmacists\u27 willingness to participate in one harm reduction initiative: syringe/needle exchange.
Methods: In 2015, all Kentucky pharmacists with active licenses were emailed a survey that examined attitudes towards participation in syringe/needle exchange. Response frequencies were calculated for community pharmacist respondents. Ordinal logistic regression estimated the impact of community pharmacist characteristics and attitudes on willingness to provide clean needles/syringes to people who inject drugs and to dispose of used syringes/needles, where both dependent variables were defined as Likert-type questions on a scale of 1 (not at all willing) to 6 (very willing).
Results: Of 4699 practicing Kentucky pharmacists, 1282 pharmacists responded (response rateâ=â27.3%); the majority (nâ=â827) were community pharmacists. Community pharmacists were divided on willingness to provide clean needles/syringes, with 39.1% not willing (score 1 or 2 of 6) and 30% very willing (score 5 or 6 of 6). Few were willing to dispose of used needles/syringes, with only 18.7% willing. Community pharmacists who agreed that pharmacists could have significant public health impact by providing access to clean needles expressed 3.56 times more willingness to provide clean needles (95% CI 3.06-4.15), and 2.04 times more willingness to dispose of used needles (95% CI 1.77-2.35). Chain/supermarket pharmacists (nâ=â485, 58.6% of community pharmacies) were 39% less likely to express willingness to dispose of used needles (95% CI 0.43-0.87) when compared with independent community pharmacists (nâ=â342, 41.4% of community pharmacies). Independent pharmacists reported different barriers (workflow) than their chain/supermarket pharmacist colleagues (concerns of clientele).
Conclusions: Kentucky community pharmacists were more willing to provide clean needles than to dispose of used needles. Strategies to mitigate barriers to participation in syringe/needle exchange are warranted
Associations of First Trimester Co-Use of Tobacco and Cannabis with Prenatal Immune Response and Psychosocial Well-Being
PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the association of first trimester co-use of tobacco and cannabis with maternal immune response and psychosocial well-being, relative to tobacco use only.
METHODS: A preliminary midpoint analysis included 138 pregnant women with biologically verified tobacco use, 38 of whom (28%) also tested positive for recent cannabis use. Maternal perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), and serum immune markers (IL-1ÎČ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, CRP, MMP8), were collected, although cytokine data were only available for 122 women.
RESULTS: Participant average age was 29.1âŻyears, approximately half had a high school education or less, and half were unemployed. Compared to tobacco only users, co-users were more likely to be non-White, younger and more economically disadvantaged. In the adjusted linear regression models, TNF-α levels were significantly lower among co-users relative to tobacco only users, after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index and tobacco use group (tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery devices [ENDS] or both). TNF-α was the only immune marker found to be significant in this analysis. Measured stress levels (MâŻ=âŻ5.9, SDâŻ=âŻ3.3; potential range 0-16) and depression scores (MâŻ=âŻ7.8, SDâŻ=âŻ5.8; potential range 0-30) were low across all participants and did not differ as a function of co-use.
CONCLUSION: Preliminary results suggest women co-using during the first trimester exhibit decreased pro-inflammatory immune responsivity on one out of eight markers. Further research is needed to determine the impact of this immune modulation on fetal health outcomes and the unique contribution of cannabis
Advertising Exposure and Use of E-Cigarettes Among Female Current and Former Tobacco Users of Childbearing Age
Objective: The study examined the relationship between exposure to eâcigarette advertising and eâcigarette use by pregnancy status, including use of flavored eâcigarette products, among women of childbearing age.
Design: A crossâsectional, correlational design was used.
Subjects: Female current or former tobacco users in Central and Eastern Kentucky, 18â45 years old (N = 194, 52% pregnant).
Measures: Demographics, pregnancy status, cigarette and eâcigarette use, and exposure to eâcigarette advertising.
Results: Younger age, white nonâHispanic race, and greater exposure to eâcigarette advertising were associated with a higher likelihood of ever using eâcigarettes (p \u3c .05 for each variable). Pregnancy was not associated with ever use (p = .11). Younger age was associated with use of flavored eâcigarettes (p = .0027). Among eâcigarette users, those who used flavored products were more likely to have seen advertisements or information about eâcigarettes on social media, compared to those who used unflavored eâcigarettes only (p = .016).
Conclusion: There is a link between advertising exposure and ever use of eâcigarettes. Pregnancy status is not significantly associated with ever use. Use of flavored eâcigarettes is associated with younger age. Eâcigarette users with greater exposure to advertising on social media were more likely to use flavored products
Behavioral and Enhanced Perinatal Intervention (B-EPIC): A Randomized Trial Targeting Tobacco Use among Opioid Dependent Pregnant Women
Background
Opioid use during pregnancy is a significant public health issue. The standard of care for treating opioid use disorder during pregnancy includes medications for opioid disorder (MOUD). However, tobacco use often goes unaddressed among pregnant women on MOUD. In 2018, our team received a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded R34 to conduct a three year-randomized trial to test the feasibility of a novel tobacco intervention for pregnant women receiving MOUD.
Aims
The aims of this study are: (1) to determine the impact of the B-EPIC intervention on maternal tobacco use and stage of change; (2) to determine the impact of B-EPIC on tobacco-related maternal and infant health outcomes including gestational age at birth, birthweight, NAS diagnosis and severity, and number of ear and respiratory infections during the first six months; (3) to compare healthcare utilization and costs incurred by pregnant patients that receive the B-EPIC intervention versus TAU.
Methods
We plan to enroll 100 pregnant women on MOUD for this randomized controlled trial (B-EPIC intervention n = 50 and treatment as usual n = 50). A major strength of this study is its wide range of health and economic outcomes assessed on mother, neonate and the infant.
Conclusions Despite the very high rates of smoking among pregnant women with OUD, there are few tobacco treatment interventions that have been tailored for this high - risk population. The overall goal of this study is to move towards a tobacco treatment standard for pregnant women receiving treatment for OUD
Self-Reported Discrimination in Health-Care Settings Based on Recognizability as Transgender: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Transgender U.S. Citizens
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Other Tobacco Product Use Among Sexual Minority Young Adult Bar Patrons
IntroductionLesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals smoke at rates 1.5-2 times higher than the general population, but less is known about LGB consumption of other tobacco products (OTPs) and gender differences. OTP use among young adult LGB bar patrons and the relationship among past quit attempts, intention to quit, and binge drinking with OTP use was examined.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of young adults (aged 18-26) in bars/nightclubs in seven U.S. cities between 2012 and 2014 (N=8,010; 1,101 LGB participants) was analyzed in 2016. Logistic regressions examined current use of five OTPs (cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, chewing tobacco, and snus) and sexual minority status, adjusting for demographics and comparing LB women and GB men with their heterosexual counterparts.ResultsLGB bar/nightclub patrons used all OTPs more than their heterosexual counterparts. LB women were more likely than heterosexual women to use cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, chew, and snus. GB men were more likely than heterosexual men to smoke cigarillos, electronic cigarettes, hookah, and use chew and snus. Past-year quit attempt was associated with increased odds of electronic cigarette use in men and women, and increased odds of dual use (cigarettes and OTPs) among men. Intention to quit was negatively associated with dual use among women. Binge drinking was associated with increased use of all OTPs across genders.ConclusionsLGB bar-going young adults are at higher risk for OTP use than their heterosexual counterparts. Bar-based interventions are needed to address all forms of tobacco use in this high-risk group