Development of a P84/ZCC composite carbon membrane for gas separation of H2/CO2and H2/CH4

Hydrogen (H2) has become one of the promising alternative clean energy resources. Membrane technology is a potential method for hydrogen separation or production. This study aims to develop a new carbon membrane for hydrogen separation or production. Moreover, the permeation behavior of H2, CO2, and CH4 through a hollow fiber composite carbon membrane derived from P84 co-polyimide and with incorporation of zeolite composite carbon (ZCC) was also examined. ZCC was synthesized via the impregnation method of sucrose into zeolite-Y pores, followed by carbonization at 800 °C. Thus, this filler has a high surface area, high microporosity, ordered pore structure, and low hydrophilicity. The presence of zeolites in ZCC is predicted to increase certain gases' affinity for the membrane. Various heating rates (1-5 °C/min) were applied during pyrolysis to understand the effect of the heating rate on the pore structure and H2/CO2 and H2/CH4 gas separation performance. Moreover, gas permeation was evaluated at various temperatures (298-373 K) to study the thermodynamic aspect of the process. A characteristic graphite peak was detected at 2? ~44° in all carbon samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed the void-free surface and the asymmetric structure of the carbon membranes. During the permeation test, it was found that gas permeation through the membrane was significantly affected by the temperature of the separation process. The highest permeability of H2, CO2, and CH4 was detected on the composite carbon membrane at a 3 °C/min heating rate with a permeation temperature of 373 K. The thermodynamic study shows that CO2 and H2 have lower activation energies compared to CH4. The transport mechanism of the membrane involved adsorption and activated surface diffusion. The permeation temperature has a large impact on the transport of small penetrants in the carbon matrix

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N-2/CH4 separation behavior at elevated temperature on P84 hollow fiber carbon membrane

Recently, natural gas consumption has grown over the years and this large demand requires efficient technology to purify it. Nitrogen (N2) is one of the main impurities in natural gas and could reduce its heat value. Therefore, it is necessary to separate nitrogen from natural gas. Since the diameter kinetic between CH4 and N2 is similar, it is rather hard to separate this gas mixture. This research aims to study the N2/CH4 separation at elevated temperature through a hollow fiber carbon membrane (HFCM) derived from P84 co-polyimide. A comprehensive investigation of P84 HFCM fundamental transport from 273 K to 373 K provided a better understanding of gas permeability as a function of permeation temperature. Moreover, the influence of carbonization heating rate towards the microstructure of HFCM and the N2/CH4 separation behavior was carefully investigated. The XRD analysis confirmed that the carbon membrane formation referred to the amorphous structures at 2θ of 22° and aromatic graphite at 42°, which refers to the (0 0 2) and (1 0 0), respectively. In addition, the SEM demonstrated the HFCM's dense structure with finger-like pores. The highest selectivity of N2/CH4 occurred at the 3 °C/min heating rate with 373 K permeation temperature (9.09) by N2 permeability of 186.92 Barrer because of the contribution of activation energy. Higher energy activation for N2 (13.91 kJ mol−1) makes a higher permeability improvement than CH4 (8.37 kJ mol−1). Thermodynamic studies confirm the selective adsorption effect of gas on HFCM. The influence of heating rate on N2/CH4 gas separation performance was studied at 1 to 3 °C/min. Adsorption and activated surface diffusion contributed to gas diffusion at 298 K and 373 K permeation temperatures) and 5 °C/min exhibited good separation performance above the Robeson upper bound. Overall, the study gives another alternative in separating the N2/CH4 mixture through the optimization of the operating process

Recent development of mixed matrix membrane as a membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment: A review

Wastewater treatment has emerged as the most effective method for addressing the scarcity of clean water, which is expected to cause a worldwide crisis in the near future. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a cutting-edge technology that combines membrane filtration with biological activity in the form of microorganisms. MBR has been considered the most efficient approach so far owing to its high effluent and relatively small space requirements. The membrane constituent material is an important aspect of producing MBR with maximum process performance. This study extensively evaluated the application of polymers, ceramics, and mixed matrix membranes (MMM) in wastewater treatment performance. MMM has better performance due to its hydrophilic nature, good chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability, and ease of synthesis. Various types of filler in MMM for MBR applications are also discussed, including metals, metal oxides, carbon, MOF, silica, and zeolite. The addition of fillers in the polymer matrix has been able to improve the characteristics of the membrane, including water flux, rejection of pollutants, and resistance to fouling. Subsequently, several important parameters of MMM that affect the performance of MBR, including hydrophilicity, surface charge, surface roughness, module, pore characteristics, and filler charge, have been reviewed. An investigation of the performance of the MBR, such as activated sludge characteristics, operating conditions, and fouling phenomena, is presented. Lastly, this review describes the challenges and perspectives of developing MMM-based MBR in the future