9 research outputs found
Incidence and Risk Factors of Childhood Pneumonia-Like Episodes in Biliran Island, Philippines—A Community-Based Study
<div><p>Pneumonia is a leading cause of deaths in infants and young children in developing countries, including the Philippines. However, data at the community level remains limited. Our study aimed to estimate incidence and mortality rates and to evaluate risk factors and health-seeking behavior for childhood pneumonia. A household level interview survey was conducted in Biliran Island, the Philippines. Caregivers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to check if children had symptoms suggesting pneumonia-like episodes from June 2011 to May 2012. Of 3,327 households visited in total, 3,302 (99.2%) agreed to participate, and 5,249 children less than 5 years of age were included in the study. Incidence rates of pneumonia-like episodes, severe pneumonia-like episodes, and pneumonia-associated mortality were 105, 61, and 0.9 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. History of asthma [hazard ratio (HR): 5.85, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.83–7.08], low socioeconomic status (SES) (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.20), and long travel time to the healthcare facility estimated by cost distance analysis (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09–1.61) were significantly associated with the occurrence of pneumonia-like episodes by the Cox proportional hazards model. For severe pneumonia-like episodes, a history of asthma (HR: 8.39, 95% CI: 6.54–10.77) and low SES (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.17–1.45) were significant risk factors. Children who had a long travel time to the hospital were less likely to seek hospital care (Odds ratio: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.19–0.54) when they experienced severe pneumonia-like episodes. Incidence of pediatric pneumonia-like episodes was associated with a history of asthma, SES, and the travel time to healthcare facilities. Travel time was also identified as a strong indicator for health-seeking behavior. Improved access to healthcare facilities is important for early and effective management. Further studies are warranted to understand the causal relationship between asthma and pneumonia.</p></div
Incidence rates of identified pneumonia-like episodes in children less5 years of age according to the municipality and age in seven municipalities, Biliran, the Philippines.
<p>Incidence rates of identified pneumonia-like episodes in children less5 years of age according to the municipality and age in seven municipalities, Biliran, the Philippines.</p
Hazard ratios of each risk factor for pneumonia-like episodes in children less than 5 years of age in Biliran, the Philippines.
<p>Hazard ratios of each risk factor for pneumonia-like episodes in children less than 5 years of age in Biliran, the Philippines.</p
Healthcare-seeking behavior of children who experienced pneumonia-like episodes sought a primary healthcare facility or a hospital (A) and severe pneumonia-like episodes sought Biliran Provincial Hospital (B) by a household plot overlaid on the map of the travel time to healthcare facilities.
<p>The color scale shows the travel time (in hours) from each point of the map to the closest public healthcare facility (A) and to Biliran Provincial Hospital (B) estimated by the cost distance analysis.</p
Hazard ratios of each risk factor for severe pneumonia-like episodes in children less than 5 years of age in Biliran, the Philippines.
<p>Hazard ratios of each risk factor for severe pneumonia-like episodes in children less than 5 years of age in Biliran, the Philippines.</p
The rate of healthcare-seeking behavior of children who experienced a pneumonia-like episode according to the municipality, Biliran, the Philippines.
<p>The bars indicate the percentage and the numbers above the bars indicate actual counts. Any healthcare facility: Percentage of children who experienced a pneumonia-like episode and sought care at any healthcare facility: Barangay Health Workers, Barangay Captains, Barangay Health Stations, Rural Health Units, private clinics, or hospitals. Provincial hospital: Percentage of children who experienced a pneumonia-like episode and visited Biliran Provincial Hospital. Admission: Percentage of children who experienced a pneumonia-like episode and were admitted to Biliran Provincial Hospital.</p
Study sites: Biliran Province, the Eastern Visayas Region (Region VIII), the Philippines.
<p>RHU: Rural health unit, Hospital: Biliran Provincial Hospital. Maripipi, municipality in a small island, is not included in the map.</p
Socio-demographics of study participants according to the municipality.
<p>Socio-demographics of study participants according to the municipality.</p
Odds ratios of each factor for seeking any healthcare facilities among children less than 5 years of age who experienced pneumonia-like episodes (n = 473) or severe pneumonia-like episodes (n = 274) in Biliran, the Philippines.
<p>Odds ratios of each factor for seeking any healthcare facilities among children less than 5 years of age who experienced pneumonia-like episodes (n = 473) or severe pneumonia-like episodes (n = 274) in Biliran, the Philippines.</p