Effect of Vitamin D-3 and/or Zeolite Supplementation to Laying Hen Rations Added Microbial Phytase on Some Blood Indices. 1. Calcium and Inorganic Phosphorus Levels and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D-3 and/or zeolite supplementation in presence of phytase enzyme on serum total Calcium (Ca), inorganic Phosphorus (Pi) levels and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in laying hens. A total of 120, 28 weeks old laying hens were used for the study. The laying hens were separated to 4 equal groups (5 replicates). The treatment groups were as follows: control diet (300 FTU phytase per kilogram), trial 1 diet (300 FTU phytase + 400 IU vitamin D-3), trial 2 diet (300 FTU phytase + 400 IU vitamin D-3 + 2% zeolite) and trial 3 diet (300 FTU phytase + 2% zeolite). The experimental period was 16 week. Blood samples were taken on weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. There were no significant differences between groups for serum ALP activity and Pi levels on weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. During the study, serum Ca levels were significantly higher in the trial 2 than those of other groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, a significant increase or decrease was not seen in the effect of phytase as a result of the addition of vitamin D-3 or zeolite, respectively. There was a significant phytase, vitamin D-3 and zeolite interaction for serum Ca level

Effect of Vitamin D-3 and/or Zeolite Supplementation to Laying Hen Rations Added Microbial Phytase on Performance and Enterprise Income

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D-3 and/or zeolite supplementation in presence of phytase enzyme on performance and enterprise income in laying hens. A total of 120, 28-weeks-old laying hens were used for the study. The laying hens were separated to 4 equal groups (5 replicates). The treatment groups were as follows: control diet (300 FTU phytase per kg), trial 1 diet (300 FTU phytase + 400 IU vitamin D-3), trial 2 diet (300 FTU phytase + 400 IU vitamin D-3 + 2% zeolite) and trial 3 diet (300 FTU phytase + 2% zeolite). The experimental period was 16 week. Body weight and feed conversion ratio were not statistically different between groups. Egg production was significantly lower in the phytase and vitamin D, added group than in the phytase added group on days 29-56. Feed intake was lower in the phytase added group than in the phytase and zeolite added group on days 85-112 (p<0.05). On days 1 and 112, egg weight was significantly lower in the phytase added group than in the other groups. The control group had higher income than the other groups

Effect of Vitamin D-3 and/or Zeolite Supplementation to Laying Hen Rations Added Microbial Phytase on Some Blood Indices 2. Total Cholesterol, 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and Oestradiol-17 beta Levels

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D-3 and/or zeolite supplementation in the presence of phytase enzyme on serum total cholesterol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)(2)D-3) and oestradiol-17 beta levels in laying hens. A total of 60 laying hens, 28-wk-old were separated to 4 equal groups. The hens were fed control diet (300 phytase units (FTU) phytase per kilogram), experimental 1 diet (300 FTU phytase + 400 IU vitamin D3), experimental 2 diet (300 FTU phytase + 400 IU vitamin D3 + 2% zeolite) and experimental 3 diet (300 FTU phytase + 2% zeolite). Serum total cholesterol levels were not statistically different between groups except for week 12. On week 12, these levels were significantly higher in the phytase and zeolite added group than in the phytase and vitamin D-3 added group (P<0.05). Serum 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 levels were higher in the only phytase added group than in the other groups on week 16 and lower in the phytase and zeolite added group than in the other groups on week 8 (P<0.05). Serum oestradiol-17 beta levels were higher in the phytase and zeolite added group than in the other groups on weeks 4 and 12, and lower in the phytase, vitamin D3 and zeolite added group than in the other groups on week 12 (P<0.05). Consequently, serum total cholesterol levels were not affected by different feeding regimes, phytase enzyme added to ration increased serum 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 levels, and phytase enzyme and vitamin D-3 supplementation increased serum oestradiol-17 beta levels

EFFECT OF GARCINIA CAMBOGIA EXTRACT ON HEART OF RATS FED HIGH LIPID DIET

Many plants had been used as raw materials in drug development. One of them is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia, named Garcinia cambogia. The extract obtained from Garcinia cambogia fruits presents hypolipidemic properties, which arise from its high flavonoid content. The aim of the study was to validate the ability of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract and flavonoids on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in old and obese rats fed high lipid diet. Thirty female, one-year-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used and separated into three equal groups. Group I (control group) was fed basal diet, while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil and cholesterol (3%). 4.5 % Garcinia cambogia extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. At the end of 75 days trial period, heart samples of all animals were promptly excised and homogenized. Cardiac total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were determined in post-mitochondrial fractions of the samples. The administration of diets containing vegetable oil (10%) and cholesterol (1.5%) in high levels in group 2 caused an insignificant increase in triglyceride and cholesterol levels of heart compared with control group. Also feeding with 4.5% Garcinia cambogia extract added to the diet and starting on day 45 caused an insignificant decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels in group 3 compared with group 2. Levels of cardiac total protein showed no significances between groups. All these findings suggest that there is a suppressive effect of HCA-containing Garcinia cambogia extract on cardiac lipid and protein metabolism in rats fed high lipid diet. According to these results, Garcinia cambogia can be recommended as a therapeutic agent against coronary heart disease by reducing cardiac triglyceride and cholesterol levels

Effect of Dietary Garcinia cambogia Extract on Serum Essential Minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium) and Trace Elements (Iron, Copper, Zinc) in Rats Fed with High-Lipid Diet

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in rats fed with the normal or the high-lipid and -cholesterol diet. Thirty 1-year-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (pathogen-free), weighing an average of 229 g, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Diets and tap water were given ad libitum for 75 days. Group 1 (control group) was fed with basal diet (2 % liquid vegetable oil, 0 % cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2 % liquid vegetable oil and 5 % hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3 %) in high levels. 4,5 % G. cambogia extract containing 65 % HCA was added to the diet of group 3 as from day 45. Blood samples were withdrawn on days 0, 45 and 75. Serum mineral levels were analyzed using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods with a spectrophotometer. All significant differences were p < 0.05. Serum Ca levels were not significantly different between all groups on days 45 and 75. Serum P level was significantly higher in the group fed with high-lipid diet and G. cambogia extract than in the control group on day 45. Serum Mg level was significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group on day 45. Serum Fe levels were significantly lower in the control group than in the other groups on days 45 and 75. Serum Zn level of the group fed with high-lipid diet and G. cambogia extract was significantly higher than in the control group on day 75. Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group, and in group 3 than in group 2 on day 75. In conclusion, a diet containing the high fat amounts may lead to the increase in circular levels of some minerals due to the short-chain fatty acid production lowering the luminal pH which increases mineral solubility, or serving as a fuel for mucosal cells and stimulating cell proliferation in the large intestine. G. cambogia extract may be used in the P and Cu deficiencies due to increases resulting in the present P and Cu amounts in G. cambogia extract, or the use of phytate P in diet. It was hoped that with further evidence-based study this product will enter to mainstream medicines

EFFECT OF Garcinia cambogia EXTRACT ON SERUM LEPTIN, GHRELIN, ADIPONECTIN AND INSULIN LEVELS AND BODY WEIGHTS IN RATS FED WITH HIGH LIPID DIET

Garcinia cambogia (malabar tamarind, bitter kola) is seen abundantly in the evergreen forests of Konkan in South India Hydroxycitric acid, mainly obtained from Garcinia cambogia, was identified by the end of the 1960's as a strong competitive inhibitor of the extramitochondrial enzyme adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase. The objective of this study was to present the effect of Garcinia cambogia extract known as weakener on the supportive or preventive hormones (leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, insulin) of obesity in the ratsfed the diet containing hydrogenated-vegetable oil and cholesterol. For this purpose, thirtyfemale 5-6 months-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group consisted of 10 rats. Group 1 (as control group) was fed with a basal diet while the diets of Groups 2 and 3 contained the hydrogenated-vegetable oil (20%) and cholesterol (1%) beside of other nutrients. Garcinia cambogia extract containing 6% hydroxycitric acid was added to the diet w/w of Group 3 after Day 30 up until Day 60. Blood samples were taken from animals on Days 0, 30 and 60 of the trial period. Body weights were weighed in the blood sampling days before sampling. Serum leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, insulin levels and body weights were not significantly different between groups in the each sampling day. Serum leptin levels were significantly higher on Day 60 than on Days 0 and 30 in Groups 2 and 3. Serum ghrelin levels in Group 3 significantly decreased on Day 30 and significantly increased on Day 60. Serum adiponectin levels in Group 1 were significantly lower on Day 0 than on other days. The levels in Group 3 were significantly higher on Day 60 than on Day 0. The serum insulin levels and body weights were not significantly different between the days in each group. In conclusion, the high lipid diet in doses used in the study (20% hydrogenated-vegetable oil and 1% cholesterol) did not create fat accumulation or obesity in Sprague Dawley rats. Addition of Garcinia cambogia to diet (6%, w/w) of rats fed with the high lipid diet indicated no effect on weight gain. The evidences obtained from this research do not support the role of Garcinia cambogia plant spreadly used as a weight loss facilitator

Effect of Supplementation of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides to Diets Containing Zinc Propionate on Some Serum Enzymes, Metabolites and Electrolytes in Broilers

Background: Zinc is needed as essential for many physiological functions in humans and animals. Chitosan is a natural substance produced in the body from glucose and some biological effects such as antimicrobial and immune modification mechanisms. beta-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers and have important roles in antitumor and antimicrobial activity in animals. Inulin is used for its effects on immune function, bioavailability of minerals, lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract health. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), beta-glucan, and inulin on some serum enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in broilers

Effect of Garcinia cambogia Extract on Fatty Liver in Rats Fed High Lipid

Garcinia cambogia is a plant which contains hydroxycitric acid and suppresses appetite and body fat accumulation. The aim of the study was to investigate the improving effect of Garcinia cambogia-extract on liver phospholipid, triglyceride, lipid hydroperoxide, total protein and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, and histopathology of liver in female rats fed high-lipid diet. One-year-old 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were separated to three equal groups. Group 1 (control group) was fed basal diet (2% liquid vegetable oil, 0% cholesterol), while the diets of both group 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2% liquid and 5% hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3%). 4.5% (W/W) Garcinia cambogia-extract was added to the diet of group 3 from day 45. Rats were euthanized on day 75. Liver samples were weighed, homogenized and centrifuged to obtain post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF). PMF phospholipid levels significantly decreased in the group fed high-lipid diet compared with the control group and in the group fed Garcinia cambogia-extract compared with the other two groups (P<0.05). PMF lipid hydroperoxide levels were significantly higher and PMF triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the control group than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). In the result of histopathological examinations, marked fat infiltration was observed in hepatocytes of animals fed high-lipid diet. Livers of animals fed Garcinia cambogia-added diet showed moderate fat infiltrations of the hepatocytes. Liver fattening partly occurred in rats fed high-lipid diet. However, this did not lead to the severe cellular degeneration. Garcinia cambogia added to the high-lipid diet insufficiently impaired liver fattening in the present dose