The effect if extraction time and sample ratio on the process of extracting active substances from Hawthorn (Crataegus Monogyna) using ultrasound

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is one of the modern method that is applied today with the aim to decrease solvent consumption, shorten the extraction time, increase the extraction yield, and enhance the quality of extracts. In this paper, the effect of extraction time and the ratio of the sample to the solvent have been studied on the ultrasonic extraction of hawthorn fruits. The hawthorn fruit was collected from Normafa, Hungary. 10% ethanol and pure distilled water were used as extraction solvent. Folin-Ciocalteu method was performed to visualization of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) method to quantify antioxidant activity in the extracts. Analyzing the results by two-way-ANOVA at significant level p < 0.05 by using SPSS software demonstrated that there is significant effect of time of extraction and the ratio of the sample to solvent. For TPC the best value was obtained at (9 min, 0.05 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) with a mean (451.106 ± 0.79 mg/L) by using 10% ethanol, and at (3 min, 0.075 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) with a mean (365.289 ± 15.96 mg/L) by using distilled water. While the best antioxidant activity was with a mean (223.033 ± 1.01 mg/L) at (9 min, 0.075 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) and (50.678 ± 2.02 mg/L) at (6 min, 0.1 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) by using the 10% ethanol and distilled water respectively. More work is needed to define better conditions for using the distilled water as a solvent in the ultrasonic extraction

The Application of Membrane Technology in the Concentration and Purification of Plant Extracts: A Review

The obtained plants and by-products during food and agricultural manufacturing processes are sources for many bioactive components that attract industrial and academic interest. The essential method of obtaining these bioactive components is the extraction process by using solvents. The efficiency of the extraction processes mainly depends on the choice and selectivity of these solvents. However, the most challenging step is recovering the components from the solvent to obtain the active part and pure products. In this recovery process, many methods were applied, such as evaporation and adding assistant chemicals, which had many downsides as energy consumption and unwanted product. Consequently, membrane technology such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), membrane distillation (MD), and osmosis distillation (OD) has been applied as a new approach in concentrating plants extract. Since this new approach has proved its efficiency in this field, the main objective of this paper is to provide a review of academic studies that have addressed using different membrane techniques to concentrate the plant extracts

Evaluation of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes in concentrating hawthorn fruit and anise seed extract

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of two reverse osmosis membranes (RO99 and X20) plus one nanofiltration membrane (NF270) at concentrating hawthorn fruit and anise seed extracts. Extracting the anise was done using water at a temperature of 37 °C over a period of 100 min. For hawthorn, ethanol-water (56%) was used as the solvent and extraction occurred at 55 °C for 80 min. The transmembrane pressure (TMP), temperature, and recirculation flow rate of the membrane separation process were monitored and set at 35 bar, 30 °C, and 400 l/h respectively. Using a spectrophotometer, the quantification of valuable compounds was examined. After studying the flow levels, it was discovered that the X20 membrane had the tiniest alterations in permeability, followed by RO99 and NF270. Moreover, in terms of efficiency, the X-20 outperformed RO-99 and NF-270 membranes, where TPC was increased (20 and 18-fold) for anise seed and hawthorn fruit extracts respectively, and TFC was increased 8-fold for both of the extracts. While using NF-270, TPC was increased only (11 and 6-fold), and TFC (4 and 2-fold) for anise seed and hawthorn fruit extracts respectively. For the antioxidant activity, the process using X-20 showed an improvement of around 12-fold for anise extracts and 15-fold for hawthorn extracts for antioxidant activity. In terms of brix, the anise extracts saw a 3-fold increase and the hawthorn extracts saw a 4-fold boost after going through the X-20 membrane concentration process. Additionally, the X-20 membrane exhibits the highest retention rates for both anise and hawthorn extracts and is least affected by fouling during the concentration process

Concentrations of Beetroot (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.) Peel and Flesh Extracts by Reverse Osmosis Membrane

The objective of this investigation was to concentrate betalains, phenolics, and antioxidants from the extract of peel and flesh of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane composed of the thick polyamide barrier layer, microporous polysulfone interlayer, and polyester support web was used in membrane module. In a later exercise, thermo-instability of betalain color compounds was investigated with different temperatures. After the filtration of the aqueous extract of flesh, betacyanins, betaxanthins, and total betalains were increased by 5.2, 6.1, and 5.5 times, respectively. Likewise, the mentioned bioactive compounds were increased by 3.7, 4.9, and 4.2 times after filtration of the aqueous extract of peel. The amounts of total betalains measured in the final flesh extract were two times lower (14.33 ± 0.15 mg·g−1 dm) compared to the peel concentrate (30.02 ± 0.28 mg·g−1 dm). The superior amount of phenolic was shown in the final flesh extract (34.47 ± 0.19 mg GAE·g−1 dm) compared to peel extract (12.74 ± 0.42 mg GAE·g−1 dm). The antioxidant activity in final beetroot peel extract and flesh extract were 24.65 ± 1.42 mg ASE·g−1 dm and 11.6 ± 0.1 mg ASE·g−1 dm, respectively. The recovery of thermo-sensitive bio-colorants was achieved by membrane filtration with the least thermal degradation